Samiksha Jaiswal (Editor)

Nisoish languages

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Glottolog
  
sout3212

Ethnicity
  
Yi people, Phula people

Geographic distribution
  
Southern China, Vietnam

Linguistic classification
  
Sino-Tibetan Lolo-Burmese Loloish Ni–Li–Kazhuoish Nisoish–Lisoish Nisoish

The Nisoish languages, also known in reduced scope as Southeastern Loloish, are a branch of the Loloish languages in recent classifications. It was established by Bradley (2002) from Southern Loloish, and further refined by Pelkey (2011) and Lama (2012), who includes several of Thurgood's Northern Loloish languages.

Contents

Pelkey (2011)

Jamin Pelkey (2011) calls the clade Southeastern Loloish (or Southeastern Ngwi). Within it he lists:

  • Nisu: Nyisu; Northern Nisu, Southern Nisu
  • Sani–Azha: Sani, Axi; Azhe; Azha [+ Samei]
  • Highland Phula:
  • Muji:
  • Core Muji: Northern Muji, Qila Muji, Southern Muji, Bokha–Phuma; Muzi; Laghuu
  • Thopho
  • Moji
  • Phowa:
  • Ani Phowa, Labo Phowa
  • Hlepho Phowa, Phukha
  • Khlula, Zokhuo
  • Riverine Phula:
  • Upriver: Phola, Alo Phola, Phala
  • Downriver:
  • Phupa, Phuza
  • Phupha, Alugu

    • Pelkey (2011:353) specifically excludes Pholo, noting that although it has been closely associated with speakers of Southeastern Ngwi languages historically, it does not share the defining features of the branch. Also, Pelkey (2011) notes that Southeastern Ngwi may be most closely related to Northern Ngwi (including Nosu and Nasu), which is in line with Lama's (2012) proposal of a Nisoish clade.

    Pelkey (2011:356-365) lists the following sound changes from Proto-Ngwi as Southeastern Ngwi innovations.

  • *ʔ-k and *ʔ-ɡl merge as /tɬ/
  • *pl/j and *ʔ-kl merge as /tɬʰ/
  • *bl/j and *ɡl merge as /dɮ/
  • *m-pl/j and *m-bl/j merge as /ndɮ/

    • Lama (2012)

    Lama calls the clade Nisoish. He adds a couple northern languages such as Nuosu and Nasu which were not included in Pelkey, but does not directly classify many languages which are acknowledged to be closely related to ones which are included. The languages he does address he classifies into three groups, Nisoid, Axioid, and Puoi, and arranges as follows:

    Other languages:

  • Aluo is close to Nasu.
  • Alingpo is unclassified within Nisoish.

    • Four of the six Yi languages (fangyan 方言) officially recognized by the Chinese government belong to Lama's Nisoish clade.

  • Northern Yi (Nuosu 诺苏)
  • Eastern Yi (Nasu 纳苏)
  • Southern Yi (Nisu 尼苏)
  • Southeastern Yi (Sani 撒尼)

    • However, the remaining two of the six officially recognized Yi languages belong to Lama's Lisoish clade.

  • Western Yi (Lalo 腊罗)
  • Central Yi (Lolopo 倮倮泼)

    • Lama (2012) lists the following changes from Proto-Loloish as innovations among various branches and languages of Nisoish.

  • *NC- > NCʰ (Nasu and Gepu)
  • *s- > ɕ- (Zuoke and Polo)
  • *xl- > ɬ-, h- (Sani, Axi, Azhe, Azha)
  • *plh- > tʰ- (Nisoid)
  • *ŋg- > (n)dz-, dz- (Nisoid)

    • Chen (2010)

    Chen (2010) recognizes three separate regional macro-languages (Chinese: fangyan 方言), Nosu (Northern Yi), Nasu (Eastern Yi), and Nesu (Southern Yi). Chen's Nosu and Nasu roughly correspond with Lama's Nisoid branch, and Nesu roughly corresponds with Lama's Axi–Puoid. Also listed are the counties where each respective dialect is spoken.

  • Nosu 诺苏方言 (See)
  • Nasu 纳苏方言
  • Nàsū 纳苏次方言
  • Nàsū 纳苏 (na̱˧su˧pʰo˥): 400,000 speakers in Luquan, Wuding, Xundian, Huize, Dongchuan, Songming, etc.
  • Naso, Nàsuǒ 纳索 (na̱˧so˧pʰo˥): 300,000 speakers in Zhaotong, Ludian, Yiliang, Daguan, Yanjin, Suijiang, Yongshan, Qiaojia, Huize, etc.
  • Alo, Āluó 阿罗 (a̱˥lɒ˧): 100,000 speakers in Wuding, Fumin, Lufeng, etc.
  • Mongi, Mòqí 莫其 (mo˨˩ndʑi˨˩): 50,000 speakers in Wuding, Luquan, Songming, Kunming, Mile, etc.
  • Nersu, Nèisū 内苏次方言
  • Nersu, Nèisū 内苏 (nɤ˥su˩˧): 300,000 speakers in Weining, Shuicheng, Hezhang, Nayong, Yiliang, Huize, Xuanwei, Weixin, Zhenyong, etc.
  • Nipu, Nípǔ 尼普 (ȵi˥pʰu˥): 300,000 speakers in Bijie, Qianxi, Jinsha, Dafang, Zhijin, Nayong, Qingzhen, Pingba, Puding, Liuzhi, Guanling, Zhenning, etc.
  • Noso, Nuòsuǒ 诺索次方言
  • Noso, Nuòsuǒ 诺索 (nɔ˥so˧): 100,000 speakers in Panxian, Xingren, Pu'an, Xingyi, Qinglong, Shuicheng, Fuyuan, Luoping, etc.
  • Polo, Bǔluó 补罗 (pʰo̱˥lo̱˥): 50,000 speakers in Kaiyuan, Gejiu, Mengzi, Honghe, Wenshan, Yanshan, etc.
  • Nesu 聂苏方言
  • Nesu, Nièsū 聂苏次方言
  • Nesu, Nièsū 聂苏 (ne̱˧su˥): 500,000 speakers in Honghe, Mojiang, Yuanjiang, Yuanyang, Luchun, Jiangcheng, Jinping, Hekou, Pu'er, Jinghong, Mengla, etc.
  • Narsu, Nuósū 娜苏 (na˧su˥): 500,000 speakers in Shiping, Eshan, Tonghai, Jianshui, Kaiyuan, Gejiu, Mengzi, Pingbian, etc.
  • Zoko, Zuòkuò 作括 (dzo˨˩kʰo˦): 100,000 speakers in Wenshan, Yanshan, Xichou, Maguan, Malipo, etc.
  • Sani, Sǎní 撒尼次方言
  • Sani, Sǎní 撒尼 (nɪ˨˩): 200,000 speakers in Lunan, Yiliang, Luliang, Mile, Luxi, Shizong, Malong, Luquan, Qiubei, etc.
  • Asi, Āxì 阿细 (a˨˩ɕi˥pʰo˨˩): 200,000 speakers in Mile, Lunan, Chengjiang, Kunming, Huaning, etc.
  • Nise, Nísài 尼赛 (ni˥sɛ˨˩pʰu˥): 100,000 speakers in Lunan
  • Azi, Āzhé 阿哲次方言
  • Azi, Āzhé 阿哲 (a˨˩dʐɛ̱˨˩pʰo˨˩): 100,000 speakers in Mile, Huaning, Kaiyuan, Jianshui, etc.
  • Neshu, Nièshū 聂舒: (nɪ̱˧ʂu˥pʰo˨˩): 500,000 speakers in Xinping, Yuxi, Jiangchuan, Yimen, Puning, etc.
  • Lopo, Luópō 罗泼 (lo˨˩pʰɯ˨˩): 100,000 speakers in Mile
  • Kopo, Gépō 格泼 (ko˥pʰo˨˩): 100,000 speakers in Fuyuan, Luoping, Zhanyi, Qujing, Shizong, Huize, Lunan, Luliang, Mile, etc.
  • Sanni, Sāngní 桑尼 (ʂɛ˨˩ni˥˩): 100,000 speakers in Kunming

    • Li (2013:245) lists the following autonyms for the Yi people of these counties.

  • Xide County: nɔ33 su33
  • Luquan County, Xundian County: na̱33 so33 pʰo55
  • Shilin County: ni55 sɛ31 pʰu55, nɪ31/nɿ31
  • Weining County: nɤ55 su13
  • Dafang County: ȵi55 pʰu55
  • Eshan County: na33 su55
  • Luquan County: ni55 so33 pʰo55
  • Pan County: nɔ55
  • Longlin County: nɔ22
  • Liangshan County: ni31, nɔ22 su22

    • Other autonyms listed by Dai (1998:218):

  • Luquan County: ni55 se31 phu55 (Black Yi 黑彝); mi55 so33 pho55; ma33 so33 pho55
  • Mojiang County: ne33 su55 pho21

    • The ne55 su33 phu55 of southwestern Guizhou reside in Pingdi 坪地, Pugu 普古, and Jichangping 鸡场坪 townships, Pan County; Longchang 龙场 and Fa'er 法耳 township, Shuicheng County (Chen 1987).

    Demographics

    The following demographics of Phula languages is from Pelkey (2011).

    The following datapoints (i.e., sample locations) for Phula languages are from Pelkey (2011:26-27).

    Yiyu Fangyan Bijiao Yanjiu (彝语方言比较研究) by Wang Chengyou (王成有) (2003) gives phonological inventories for the following datapoints.

    1. Miyajing, Sanhe, Nanhua County 南华县三河底米丫井村
    2. Zhuangke, Zhuangke, Yao'an County 姚安县庄科乡庄科村
    3. Langzhe, Yunshan, Yongsheng County 永胜县云山乡朗者村
    4. Lang'e, Lang'e, Yongsheng County 永胜县莨莪乡茛莪村
    5. Zhijuxiao, Zhonghe, Yongren County 永仁县中和乡直苴小村
    6. Hongmai, Lijiang 丽江红麦; Tanglang language 堂郎语
    7. Huazhuqing, Xin'an, Mojiang County 思茅地区墨江县新安乡滑竹箐
    8. Hemezha, Digengzuo, Buqi, Tanhua, Dayao County 大姚县昙华乡补期地耕作黑么鲊村
    9. Aiguo, Yangjiang, Weishan County 巍山县漾江农场爱国村
    10. Sanjia, Chongfeng, Weishan County 巍山县冲锋乡三家村
    11. Lewuju, Wule, Nanjian County 南涧县五乐乡五具村
    12. Yanzijiao, Guanting, Jingxing, Mojiang County 思茅地区墨江县景星乡官厅岩子脚村
    13. Xiaoguangshan, Baoxiu, Shiping County 红河州石屏县宝秀乡小光山村
    14. Zuoluo, Honghe County 红河州红河县座落村
    15. Zhuyuan, Zhuyuan, Laochang District, Xinping County 新平县老厂区竹园乡竹园村
    16. Suomili, Laowudou, Xinping County 新平县老五斗乡梭咪里村
    17. Washaozong, Tadian, Eshan County 峨山县塔甸乡瓦哨宗村
    18. Suxiong, Ganluo County 凉山州甘洛县苏雄乡
    19. Laodashu, 2nd Township, Huili County 凉山州会理县第二乡老大树
    20. Lizi, Hongma, Xide County 凉山州喜德县红玛乡李子村
    21. Damaichong (upper village), Hejia, Liangshan, Yuanmou County 元谋县凉山乡何家村大麦冲上队
    22. Daxingzhai, Wenshan County 文山县大兴寨; Zuoke language 坐柯
    23. Huangzhai (small village), Gaodeng, Wenshan County 文山县高登乡村公所荒寨小队; Azhapu language 阿扎仆
    24. Longshu, Qiubei County 丘北县龙树村; Axi Touruo language 阿细拖若
    25. Anwang, Guangnan County 广南县安王村; Flowery Lolo 花倮
    26. Long'an, Funing County 富宁县龙安; White Lolo 白倮
    27. Musang, Funing County 富宁县木桑村; Black Lolo 黑倮
    28. Sayingpan, Luquan, Kunming City 昆明市禄劝撒营盘
    29. Banaji, Wuding County 武定县罢纳吉村
    30. Chijiabi, Biji, Xishan, Kunming City 昆明市西山区碧鸡乡赤甲碧村
    31. 2nd Village, Wafei, 5th District, Zhenxiong County 镇雄县五区娃飞乡二村
    32. Laolin, Yanshan District, Zhaotong County 昭通县盐山区老林乡
    33. Jingdi, Sayu, Zhaotong County 昭通县洒渔乡井底村
    34. Longjie, 9th Township, Weining County 威宁县九乡龙街
    35. Dafang County 大方县
    36. Pan County 盘县
    37. De'e, Longlin County 隆林县德峨
    38. Axi 阿细: Xiaolongpu, Huakou, Xishan, Mile County 弥勒县西三镇花口村公所小龙铺村
    39. Azhe 阿哲: Zhongzhai, Wushan, Mile County 弥勒县五山中寨村
    40. Gupo 古泼: Songshulin, Niupo, Wushan, Mile County 弥勒县五山乡牛坡村公所松树林村
    41. Sani 撒尼: Fengwu, Wujiepu, Luxi County 泸西县午街铺镇凤午村
    42. Pula 濮拉: Wudupi, Chongmen, Mazheshao, Kaiyuan County 开远县马者哨乡冲门村委会乌都皮村
    43. Nisu 尼苏: Baishengzhai (upper village), Baishengzhai, Yuanyang County 元阳县百胜寨乡百胜寨上村
    44. Naisu 乃苏: Weisuo, Wushan, Mile County 弥勒县五山乡围锁村

    References

    Nisoish languages Wikipedia
    (Text) CC BY-SA