Nishijima (written: 西島 or 西嶋) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Gudō Wafu Nishijima (1919–2014), Japanese Zen Buddhist priest and teacher
Hidetoshi Nishijima (actor) (born 1971), Japanese actor
Hidetoshi Nishijima (politician) (born 1948), Japanese politician
Hiroyuki Nishijima (born 1982), Japanese football player
Katsuhiko Nishijima (born 1960), Japanese anime director
Kazuhiko Nishijima (1926–2009), Japanese physicist
Takahiro Nishijima (born 1986), Japanese singer and actor
Yōsuke Nishijima (born 1973), Japanese professional boxer