Name Nikos Skalkottas | Role Composer | |
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Died September 19, 1949, Athens, Greece Education Athens Conservatoire (1914–1920) Compositions Largo Sinfonico, Largo Sinfonico, Gero Dimos for String Quartet: Andante - Allegro - Tempo I - Allegretto brioso - Allegro, Gero Dimos for String Quartet: Andante - Allegro - Tempo I - Allegretto brioso - Allegro, Scherzo, Scherzo, Quartet for Oboe - Trumpet - Bassoon and Piano: I Moderato assai, Quartet for Oboe - Trumpet - Bassoon and Piano: I Moderato assai, Sonatina no 4 for Violin and Piano: III Allegro Moderato, Sonatina no 4 for Violin and Piano: III Allegro Moderato, March of the Little Soldiers, March of the Little Soldiers, The Maiden and Death: Lantement - attacca, The Maiden and Death: Lantement - attacca, 36 Greek Dances (alternative versions): Series III: VI Macedonikos, 36 Greek Dances (alternative versions): Series III: VI Macedonikos, The Gnomes: VIII The Gnomes (II), The Gnomes: VIII The Gnomes (II), Musik fur Klavier: 32 Klavierstucke: XXIX Rondo brillante, Musik fur Klavier: 32 Klavierstucke: XXIX Rondo brillante, Suite Nr1 fur Klavier: I Preludio, Suite Nr1 fur Klavier: I Preludio, Musik fur Klavier: 32 Klavierstucke: XIII Intermezzo, Musik fur Klavier: 32 Klavierstucke: XIII Intermezzo, String Quartet no 1: III Allegro (ben ritmato) vivace, String Quartet no 1: III Allegro (ben ritmato) vivace, 16 Melodies: XV This Evening, 16 Melodies: XV This Evening, Gavotte, Gavotte, 36 Greek Dances - AK 11: Series III: XII Mazochtos - "I Will Become a Swallow", 36 Greek Dances - AK 11: Series III: XII Mazochtos - "I Will Become a Swallow", Musik fur Klavier: 32 Klavierstucke: XV Passacaglia, Musik fur Klavier: 32 Klavierstucke: XV Passacaglia, Echo for Piano, Echo for Piano, 36 Greek Dances (alternative versions): Series II: VIII Chiotikos, 36 Greek Dances (alternative versions): Series II: VIII Chiotikos, 36 Greek Dances - Ak 11: Series I: VIII Kalamatianos, 36 Greek Dances - Ak 11: Series I: VIII Kalamatianos, 36 Greek Dances - AK 11: Series I: VII Sifneikos, 36 Greek Dances - AK 11: Series I: VII Sifneikos, 36 Greek Dances - AK 11: Series III: VI Macedonikos, 36 Greek Dances - AK 11: Series III: VI Macedonikos, 36 Greek Dances (alternative versions): Series II: IX Tsamikos, 36 Greek Dances (alternative versions): Series II: IX Tsamikos, Musik fur Klavier: 32 Klavierstucke: XII Kleine Serenade, Musik fur Klavier: 32 Klavierstucke: XII Kleine Serenade, 36 Greek Dances - AK 11: Series II: IV Nissiotikos - "A Woman From Mylopotamos", 36 Greek Dances - AK 11: Series II: IV Nissiotikos - "A Woman From Mylopotamos", The Maiden and Death: Moderato assai; Lento - Allegro moderato - Lento, The Maiden and Death: Moderato assai; Lento - Allegro moderato - Lento, 16 Melodies: XI The Loom´s Song, 16 Melodies: XI The Loom´s Song, Sonata Concertante for Bassoon and Piano: I Allegro molto vivace, Sonata Concertante for Bassoon and Piano: I Allegro molto vivace, 36 Greek Dances - AK 11: Series III: IV "Mariori", 36 Greek Dances - AK 11: Series III: IV "Mariori", Zehn Stucke fur Streichquartett (Skizzen): VIII Notturno Molto expressivo, Zehn Stucke fur Streichquartett (Skizzen): VIII Notturno Molto expressivo, Concerto for Violin and Orchestra: II Andante con spirito, Concerto for Violin and Orchestra: II Andante con spirito, Sonata for Solo Violin: IV Adagio - Allegro molto moderato, Sonata for Solo Violin: IV Adagio - Allegro molto moderato, 36 Greek Dances - AK 11: Series II: VI "Black Sash", 36 Greek Dances - AK 11: Series II: VI "Black Sash", String Trio: I Moderato, String Trio: I Moderato, Musik fur Klavier: 32 Klavierstucke: II Kinder-Tanz, Musik fur Klavier: 32 Klavierstucke: II Kinder-Tanz, Concertino for Trumpet and Piano: Allegro giusto (alla breve), Concertino for Trumpet and Piano: Allegro giusto (alla breve), 36 Greek Dances - AK 11: Series II: III Critikos - "Early at Dawn I Will Rise", 36 Greek Dances - AK 11: Series II: III Critikos - "Early at Dawn I Will Rise", 16 Melodies: IX Chrysanthemums, 16 Melodies: IX Chrysanthemums, String Quartet no 3: II Andante, String Quartet no 3: II Andante, 16 Melodies: VIII Fig Tree, 16 Melodies: VIII Fig Tree, Sonata for Solo Violin: I Allegro furioso - quasi presto, Sonata for Solo Violin: I Allegro furioso - quasi presto, 36 Greek Dances - AK 11: Series II: II Sifneikos - "At Saint Marcella", 36 Greek Dances - AK 11: Series II: II Sifneikos - "At Saint Marcella", 36 Greek Dances - AK 11: Series I: XII Thessalikos, 36 Greek Dances - AK 11: Series I: XII Thessalikos, Nine Greek Dances: VI Kritikos (Dance from Crete), Nine Greek Dances: VI Kritikos (Dance from Crete), Sonatina no 1 for Violin and Piano: II Andantino, Sonatina no 1 for Violin and Piano: II Andantino, Musik fur Klavier: 32 Klavierstucke: VI Reveria im alten Stil, Musik fur Klavier: 32 Klavierstucke: VI Reveria im alten Stil, Musik fur Klavier: 32 Klavierstucke: XXXI Walzer, Musik fur Klavier: 32 Klavierstucke: XXXI Walzer, String Quartet no 1: II Andante con variazioni, String Quartet no 1: II Andante con variazioni, 16 Melodies: XIII Reeds, 16 Melodies: XIII Reeds, Zehn Stucke fur Streichquartett (Skizzen): II Concerto Vivace, Zehn Stucke fur Streichquartett (Skizzen): II Concerto Vivace, Nocturne, Nocturne Similar People Nikos Christodoulou, Manolis Kalomiris, Geoffrey Douglas Madge, John Corigliano, Christophe Sirodeau | ||
The return of ulysses a film about nikos skalkottas eng subs
Nikos Skalkottas (Greek: Nίκος Σκαλκώτας; 21 March 1904 – 19 September 1949) was a Greek composer of 20th-century classical music. A member of the Second Viennese School, he drew his influences from both the classical repertoire and the Greek tradition.
Contents
- The return of ulysses a film about nikos skalkottas eng subs
- The return of ulysses a film about nikos skalkottas jpn subs
- Biography
- Music
- Posthumous reputation
- References
The return of ulysses a film about nikos skalkottas jpn subs
Biography
Skalkottas was born in Chalcis on the island of Euboea, to a poor family said to have been folk musicians and marble carvers. He started violin lessons with his father and uncle Kostas Skalkottas at the age of five, three years after his family moved to Athens because Kostas had lost the post of town bandmaster in 1906 due to political and legal intrigues (Thornley 2001). He continued studying violin with Tony Schulze at the Athens Conservatory, from which he graduated in 1920 with a diploma of high distinction.The following year a scholarship from the Averoff Foundation enabled him to study abroad. From 1921 to 1933 he lived in Berlin, where he first took violin lessons at the Prussian Academy of Arts with Willy Hess (Thornley 2001). Deciding in 1923 to give up his career as a violinist and become a composer, he studied composition with Robert Kahn, Paul Juon, Kurt Weill and Philipp Jarnach. Between 1927 and 1932 he was a member of Arnold Schoenberg's Masterclass in Composition at the Academy of Arts (Thornley 2001), where his fellow pupils included Marc Blitzstein, Roberto Gerhard and Norbert von Hannenheim. Skalkottas had been living for several years with the violinist Matla Temko (Thornley 2001); they had two children, though only the second, a daughter, survived infancy, and the end of their relationship increased his already-present feelings of self-doubt and insecurity (Thornley 2001). In 1930 Skalkottas devoted considerable effort to having some of his works performed in Athens, but they were met with incomprehension, and even in Berlin his few performances did not make much better headway. In 1931 he seems to have had a personal and artistic crisis: his relationship with Temko came to an end and he is also reported to have fallen out with Schoenberg, though the nature of their disagreement is unclear and Schoenberg continued to rate him highly as a composer. In any event Skalkottas seems to have composed nothing for at least two years.
In March 1933 he was forced by poverty and debt to return to Athens, intending to stay a few months and then return to Berlin. However, he suffered a nervous breakdown and his passport was confiscated by the Greek authorities (Thornley 2001) (apparently because he had never done military service) and in fact remained in Greece for the rest of his life. Among the various possessions he left behind were a large number of manuscripts; many of these were then lost or destroyed (although some were found in a secondhand bookshop in 1954). According to another account, his manuscripts were sold by his German landlady shortly after he left Berlin (Thornley 2001). In Athens Skalkottas sought other means of funding through scholarships or paid work as an orchestral player, but he was quickly disillusioned with the state of musical affairs in Athens at the time. Until his death he earned a living as a back-desk violinist in the Athens Conservatory, Radio and Opera orchestras. In the mid-1930s he worked at the Folk Music Archive in Athens, and did transcriptions of Greek folk songs into Western-music scores for the musicologist Melpo Merlier.
As a composer he worked alone, but wrote prolifically, mainly in his very personal post-Schoenbergian idiom that had little chance of being comprehended by the Greek musical establishment. He did secure some performances, especially of some of the Greek Dances and a few of his more tonal works, but the vast bulk of his music went unheard. During the German occupation of Greece he was placed in an internment camp for some months. In 1946 he married the pianist Maria Pangali; they had two sons. In 1949, at the age of 45 and shortly before the birth of his second son, he died of what appears to have been the rupture of a neglected common hernia, leaving some symphonic works with incomplete orchestration, and many completed works that were given posthumous premieres.
Music
Skalkottas' early works, most of which he wrote in Berlin, are lost, as are some of those written in Athens. The earliest of his works available to us today date from 1922–24; these are piano compositions as well as the orchestration of Cretan Feast by Dimitri Mitropoulos. Among the works written in Berlin are the sonata for solo violin, several works for piano, chamber music and some symphonic works. Although during the period 1931–34 Skalkottas did not compose anything, he resumed composing in Athens and continued until his death. His output comprised symphonic works (36 Greek Dances, the symphonic overture The Return of Ulysses, the fairy drama Mayday Spell, the Second Symphonic Suite, the ballet The Maiden and Death, works for wind orchestra and several concertos), chamber, vocal and instrumental works including the huge cycle of 32 Piano Pieces.
Besides his musical work, Skalkottas compiled an important theoretical work, consisting of several "musical articles", a Treatise on Orchestration, musical analyses, etc. Skalkottas soon shaped his personal features of musical writing so that any influence of his teachers was soon assimilated creatively in a manner of composition that is absolutely personal and recognizable.
Throughout his career Skalkottas remained faithful to the neo-classical ideals of Neue Sachlichkeit and 'absolute music' proclaimed in Europe in the 1925. Already in Berlin he was taking an interest in jazz and at the same time developing a very personal form of the twelve-note method, making use of not one but several tone-rows in a work and organizing these rows to define different thematic and harmonic areas. (For example, the Largo Sinfonico employs no less than 16 twelve-tone rows.) Like Schoenberg, he persistently cultivated classical forms (such as sonata, variations, suite), but his worklist is divided between atonal, twelve-tone and tonal works, all three categories spanning his entire composing career. Such apparent heterogeneity could have been intensified by a love of Greek folk music. The most striking example of his commitment to Greek folk music is the series of 36 Greek Dances composed for orchestra between 1931 and 1936, arranged for various different ensembles in the ensuing years and in part radically reorchestrated in 1948–49. About two-thirds of these dances are based on genuine Greek folk themes from different parts of the Greek mainland and islands, but the other third use material of Skalkottas's own composition in folk style.
Nevertheless, he remained sceptical of the attempts of his Greek contemporaries to integrate folk music into the modern symphonic style, and only juxtaposed and mixed folk, atonal and 12-note styles in a few works such as the incidental music to Christos Evelpides's 1943 fairy-tale drama Mayday Spell. Skalkottas was evidently reluctant to deploy the kind of structural and stylistic tensions that would have betrayed the integrationist ideals of his Schoenbergian inheritance. This could be seen (in terms of a comprehensive connecting impulse) as a link between the Second Viennese, Busoni, Stravinsky and Bartókian schools. Around 1945 he seems to have reappraised his aesthetic direction to some extent and written several works in a more conventionally tonal idiom - many of these have key signatures, for instance. Yet the general level of dissonance is not significantly lessened.
Posthumous reputation
It was only after his death that Skalkottas' music began to be played, published or critically estimated to a great extent, partly due to the efforts of friends and disciples such as John G. Papaioannou and George Hadjinikos.
In 1988 a short documentary (60 mins) about his life and work was filmed with funding from the local authorities of Skalkottas' birthplace (the isle of Euboea) as well as the Greek Ministry of Culture.
Between the years 1998 and 2008, the Swedish record label BIS records released recordings of his works.