Died 23 December 1603, Paris, France Similar Pierre de Fermat, François Viète, Diophantus, Gerolamo Cardano | ||
The new algebra or symbolic analysis is a formalization of algebra promoted by François Viète in 1591 and by his successors after 1603. It marks the beginning of the algebraic formalization in the late sixteenth and the early seventeenth centuries.
Contents
The Isagoge
In artem analyticem Isagoge (1591) is the program of this large axiomatic project.
This work is available via gallica, written in Latin, and announcing that it will be the first volume of a work divided into ten parts:
It provides a new approach to writing algebra and begins with the famous dedication to the Melusinide princess Catherine de Parthenay.
Chapter I: Introduction
In the first part of his Isagoge, Viète provides definitions of his symbolic analysis, and gives, in a rhythmic movement, the definitions of Zetetic, Poristic, and Exegetic, for the purpose of writing the science of inventing Mathematics. He gives, concurrently, an axiomatic for calculation on the quantities (known and unknown) and a program, which provides heuristic rules.
In this introduction, Viète requires three steps to solve algebraic or geometrical problems: formalization, general resolution, special resolution. He adds that, contrary to the former analysts, his method will act on the resolution of symbols (non iam in numeris sed sub specie)... which is the major input. He also predicts that after his works, training in Zetetic will be done through the analysis of symbols and not by the numbers.
Chapter II About symbols, equalities, and proportions
Viète continues, in this second part, to describe the symbols and gives axiomatic rules:
Transitivity of equality, conservation sum, subtraction, product, and division
Chapter III: Des lege homogeneorum
Viète, then, continues to give the law of homogeneity, and distinguishes the symbols according to their powers, where 1 is the side (or root), 2 square, cube 3, and so on. Factors and powers are of complementary homogeneity; he notes them:
1. Length, 2 Plane, Solid 3, and 4 Plane / Plane 5 Plane / Solid 6 Solid / Solid, etc. as if he had the intuition that a geometry can be deployed beyond the ordinary dimension 3.
Chapter IV De praeceptis logistices speciosae
In this fourth chapter, Viète gives the rules of a calculus of symbols, i.e. the axioms of addition, product, etc. Symbols designate types of comparable dimension.
Firstly, his attention is focused on addition and subtraction of quantities of the same order, with rules such as A − (B + D) = A − B − D or A − (B − D) = A − B + D
Then, secondly, he defines products and quotients of homogeneous quantities. He then notes
what we note now
without attempting to mark the homogeneity factor.
Chapter V: Laws of the Zététic
In this chapter we have the foundations of the formulation of equations and particularly in paragraph 5 of this chapter, the idea that some letters should be reserved for known quantities (data) and other letters to unknown quantities (incertitus). Viète designates the first quantities by consonants and the others by vowels. Then, after a few propositions, the book ends with two short chapters that describe how, in practice, it is necessary to conduct the analysis of a problem, its resolution and geometrical checking.
Chapter VII: About Rhétic (or Exegetic)
In chapter 7, on the function of the rhetic art, Viete treats the third kind of analysis (rhetic or exegetic), which is applied to numbers if the search is for a magnitude expressible in a number, as well as to lengths, planes, or solids if the thing itself must be shown, starting from canonically ordered equations.
Chapter VIII: Epilogue
In this final part Viète defines some notations, including the first and second roots (in other words square and cube roots).
Variations of 1631
The manuscript published by Vasset does not contain the definition of Poristic and Exegetic (ch VI and VII), but it does contain some results on the development of the binomial to level 6 and general theorems of Poristic, This is a way to insert a medium proportional you want between two lengths.
This means, for instance, that the sequence
is geometric.
Reflecting Viète, Vasset writes also:
A − B cubus cubus aequabitur A cubo-cubus − 6 A quadrato-cubus in B + 15 A quad.quad. in B quad. − 20 A cubus in B cubum + 15A quadratum in B quad.-quad − 6 A B quad.-cub. + B cubus-cubus
which we denote now by:
He then gave the rule for forming binomial coefficients (already known by Stiffel and Tartaglia), noting that he obtains the coefficients of the development, by addition in the development of the previous power, of the first and second coefficient, of the second and third, and so on.
Historical critics
Viète made good Algebra with excellent geometry. However, in his desire to spend his new label under the Diophantine's aegis, Viète was taken to preserve the language of the elders. Moreover, he has no symbol to rate the multiplication, roots or equality. For example,
written today
Although effective, this new algebra maintained a requirement of homogeneity which is very heavy and condemns the constant reference to the meaning of geometrical parameters involved. A second Algebraic revolution will be done in the next generation with William Oughtred, Thomas Harriot, Pierre de Fermat, and finally René Descartes. Nevertheless, Viète gave us for the first time the ability to work efficiently on letters. And, for that, he must be honored as one of the fathers of Algebra.