Specialty neurology MeSH D009069 | ICD-9-CM 333.9, 781.0 | |
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ICD-10 F44.4, F98.4, G25.8-G25.9, R25 | ||
Movement disorders can be defined as neurologic syndromes in which either an excess of movement or a paucity of voluntary and automatic movements, unrelated to weakness or spasticity. The term movement disorders is used synonymously with basal ganglia or extrapyramidal diseases. Conventionally movement disorders are divided into two major categories: 1. Hyperkinetic movement disorders also called dyskinesias refers to excessive, often repetitive, involuntary movements that intrude into the normal flow of motor activity. 2. Hypokinetic movement disorders refers to akinesia (lack of movement), hypokinesia (reduced amplitude of movements), bradykinesia (slow movement) and rigidity. In primary movement disorders the abnormal movement is the primary manifestation of the disorder. In secondary movement disorders it is an manifestation of other systemic or neurological disorder.
Contents
Approach to diagnosis
Step I : Decide the dominant type of movement disorder
Step II : Make differential diagnosis of the particular disorder
Step II: Confirm the diagnosis by lab tests
Treatment
Treatment depends upon the underlying disorder. Movement disorders have been known to be associated with a variety of autoimmune diseases.
History
Vesalius and Piccolomini in 16th century distinguished subcortical nuclei from cortex and white matter. However Willis' conceptualized the corpus striatum as the seat of motor power in the late 17th century. In mid-19th-century movement disorders were localized to striatum by Choreaby Broadbent and Jackson, and athetosis by Hammond. By the late 19th century, many movement disorders were described but for most no pathologic correlate was known.