Abbreviation ICAM Region Mexico | Polity Episcopal | |
Classification Catholic - Eastern Orthodox Associations Worldwide Communion of Catholic Apostolic National Churches Founder José Joaquín Pérez Budar | ||
Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church Spanish: Iglesia Católica Apostólica Mexicana (ICAM) was a church founded in 1925 to bolster revolution and machinate a schism from the Catholic Church in Mexico with the support of the Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM) and Mexican President Plutarco Elías Calles' approval. President Álvaro Obregón and his successor Calles, as well as other politicians, wanted the revolutionary government to restrict and terminate the Catholic Church in Mexico. In February 1925, armed intruders calling themselves "Knights of the Order of Guadeloupe" occupied the church of María de la Soledad in Mexico City where José Joaquín Pérez Budar, a Freemason and former Catholic priest, proclaimed himself the future patriarch of a new national church; parishioners attacked the interlopers and rioted the next day; similar riots were incited when other churches in Mexico were occupied by armed intruders that month. These armed intruders occupying churches induced fear of anti-Catholic persecution that led to the formation of the National League for the Defense of Religious Liberty (LNDLR) a militant Catholic defense organization. Official favoritism of a national church enraged revolutionaries who saw this as a "violation of state laicidad " with potential to faction the revolution, so Calles stopped his support of ICAM after about 3 months. Nevertheless, the government failed in 1925 to orchestrate Pérez's consecration by a visiting Eastern Orthodox bishop, but in 1926, North American Old Roman Catholic Church Bishop Carmel Henry Carfora consecrated Pérez, Antonio Benicio López Sierra, and Macario López Valdez as bishops. In 1927, López Sierra established an ICAM church in San Antonio, Texas, where Archbishop Arthur Jerome Drossaerts, of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Antonio, called the cismáticos (Spanish for schismatics) "designing proselytizers of the sects supported by Calles and the Mexican government, that archenemy of all Christianity;" and in 1929, López Valdes established an ICAM church in Los Angeles, California. Pérez moved his cathedra to San Antonio in March 1930 but in April 1931, Pérez returned to Mexico City.
Contents
Name
The church is identified in Spanish as both Iglesia Ortodoxa Católica Apostólica Mexicana (Spanish for Mexican Orthodox Apostolic Catholic Church) and Iglesia Católica Apostólica Mexicana (Spanish for Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church); in English it also known as the Mexican Old Roman Catholic Church, and the Mexican National Catholic Church.
Beliefs
ICAM supported clerical marriage, rituals in the vernacular, the sacrament of Communion under both kinds, individual Biblical interpretation, veneration of saints and Mary the mother of Jesus, but opposed the Roman Catholic dogma of papal infallibility, denied eternal damnation, rejected the sacrament of Penance, and had an "experimental commitment to liturgical innovation."
Expansion technique
The government confiscated and nationalized all Catholic Church assets in 1859 and, prior to the 1992 legislation of an amendment to the 1917 Constitution of Mexico, religious institutions were not permitted to own property in Mexico; "the Catholic Church was prevented from conducting any legal transactions in Mexico." Other legal anticlerical restrictions included mandatory civil registration of clergy. When the Calles Law took effect in July 1926, the Catholic Church suspended all public worship and within days the Cristero rebellion began.
Butler described it as Mexican Gallicanism. According to Ramirez, throughout Mexico the population was Catholic but hardly understood the distinction between the Catholic Church and ICAM. ICAM priests searched in several Mexican states for neglected or abandoned church buildings and lobbied local authorities to devolve those church buildings to ICAM use. With the understanding that the law provided for the formation of local committees to govern the use of church buildings, local authorities gathered residents in a public place to facilitate the devolution of church buildings, according to Ramirez, and ICAM priests
These local committees voted on the devolution of church buildings and on many occasions, after such votes, riots erupted that ended with casualties. This activity provoked the hostility of Catholics and two ICAM priests were killed.
Calles' successor, Emilio Portes Gil, did not support ICAM.
In June 1929, Dwight Morrow, United States Ambassador to Mexico, mediated a modus vivendi between the Mexican episcopate and the Mexican federal government. Portes Gil signed the modus vivendi and soon the Catholic Church resumed public worship in many church buildings throughout Mexico. The federal modus vivendi and the devolution of church buildings to Catholic Church use disconcerted some state and local authorities.
It is uncertain how long ICAM subsisted, according to Ramirez, about 60 priests were ICAM ministers, and between 1925 and 1937, about 70 church buildings, generally in small villages, were devolved to ICAM use, but most of those devolved church buildings were soon closed. Ramirez notes that ICAM subsisted through the Cristero rebellion, spread to the southern United States, and survived the end of the Calles government.
Pérez was unable to maintain discipline among the clergy.
ICAM dwindled in Mexico and San Antonio by 1930. Instead of spreading ICAM, according to Ramirez, Pérez's subordinates coveted his position of patriarch and devised ecclesial intrigues.
After Pérez
Pérez died in 1931, days after his public recantation and reconciliation with the Catholic Church.
José Eduardo Dávila Garza became the leader of ICAM and used the religious name Pope Eduardo I.
While Pérez permitted clerical marriage, Dávila rescinded Pérez's approval and required clerical celibacy.
Dávila has his cathedral in the village of San Pedro.
Dávila petitioned Eastern Orthodox patriarchs in the 1930s to recognize him.
The Mexican Apostolic National Church was a Western Rite Orthodox Church in Mexico founded on the vision of the relationship between the Soviet Union and the Russian Orthodox Church.
After Pérez died the individual parishes continued to exist essentially independently,
The entire national church was subsumed into the created Orthodox Church in America Exarchate of Mexico in 1972.
Opinion
Ramirez speculated that ICAM could have succeeded in a scenario where Calles became the head of ICAM, like King Henry VIII of England, because the Mexican Secretariat of the Interior already both controlled the church buildings and regulated the registration of priests.