Right ascension 12 18 49.6 Redshift 0.008029 Type SA(s)c Constellation Coma Berenices | Declination +14° 24′ 59″ Helio radial velocity 2407 ± 3 km/s Magnitude 10.4 Apparent magnitude (V) 10.4 | |
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Distance 55.7 Mly
(15.4 ± 1.7 Mpc) Similar Messier 98, Messier 95, Messier 91, Messier 88, Messier 96 | ||
Messier 99 or M99 (NGC 4254) is an unbarred spiral galaxy approximately 50 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices.
Contents
History
Messier 99 was discovered by Pierre Méchain on March 17, 1781. The discovery was then reported to Charles Messier, who included the object in the Messier Catalogue, which was the first astronomical catalogue of star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies.
Messier 99 was one of the first galaxies in which a spiral pattern was seen. The spiral pattern was first identified by Lord Rosse in the spring of 1846.
Characteristics
The galaxy has a normal looking arm and an extended arm that is less tightly wound. A bridge of neutral hydrogen gas links NGC 4254 with VIRGOHI21, a HI region and a possible dark galaxy. The gravity from the latter may have distorted M99 and drawn out the gas bridge, as the two galaxy-sized objects may have had a close encounter, before they went their separate ways (however the existence of VIRGOHI21 is unclear and another candidate is the lenticular galaxy NGC 4262 with this event having taken place 280 million years ago). It is expected that the drawn out arm will relax to match the normal arm once the encounter is over. Four supernovae have been observed in this galaxy.
While not classified as a starburst galaxy, M99 has a star formation activity three times larger than other galaxies of similar Hubble type that may have been triggered by that encounter.
Some authors also suggest that M99 is entering the Virgo Cluster for the first time and, after the aforementioned interaction, its suffering ram-pressure stripping as it moves through the intracluster medium.