Occupation Archaeologist | Died 1993 | |
Mary Ross Ellingson (1906–1993) was a 20th-century classical archaeologist who worked on the excavations at Olynthus in Greece and whose research on the use of terracotta figurines in ancient Greece was published without proper credit by her mentor, David Moore Robinson.
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Biography
Helen Madeline Mary Ross was born in 1906 and graduated with an undergraduate degree in classics from the University of Alberta, Canada. She became Mary Ross Ellingson after her marriage in 1939.
In 1930, Ellingson enrolled as a graduate student in archaeology at Johns Hopkins University, studying under David Moore Robinson. The following year she joined Robinson's excavations at the ancient city of Olynthus in northeastern Greece, where she supervised dozens of workmen excavating houses on the site. The Olynthus dig became famous in classical archaeology as the first to focus on houses and the domestic life of ancient Greece instead of on large public buildings like temples. Ellingson photographed the work in progress and created albums of these candid photographs. Her images show the archaeological techniques in use at the time, as well as daily life in the nearby village of Myriophyto where the crew lived.
Ellingson kept her own set of excavation records in parallel with the site's official records, including documentation of all the terracotta figurines discovered during the season's dig. For her master's thesis, she analyzed both the figurines themselves and the places they were found, demonstrating that they were used in domestic situations rather than only in public spaces like shrines. Her doctoral dissertation expanded on this analysis with a wider sample of figurines from other sites in Greece and the Balkans.
Ellingson never published her own research, but Robinson published it in a 14-volume series entitled Excavations at Olynthus, most of which he wrote himself. With only minor alterations, Ellingson's master's thesis appeared in 1933 as volume VII of the series, and her dissertation in 1952 as the first part of volume XIV. Robinson did not give Ellingson proper credit in either volume, writing only in the introduction to volume XIV that Ellingson "was a loyal, tactful, and industrious member of the staff at Olynthus and successfully helped supervise the excavation of the East Cemetery. She kept a careful typewritten inventory of the terra-cottas, separate from my note-books and the daily journal, and I have made abundant use of this and her own valuable suggestions.” Reviewers praising the two volumes assumed both were by Robinson himself.
So far as is known, Ellingson never told anyone about the incorporation of her two theses into the Excavations at Olynthus series, and the truth of the matter has only recently come to light. In a 2014 book about Ellingson's work, archaeology scholar Alan Kaiser, attempts but fails to find an explanation that would absolve Robinson of the charge of plagiarizing Ellingson. He attributes the theft of Ellingson's research to a combination of ambition and sexism, noting that in Ellingson's day sexism was pervasive in archaeology, to such an extent that the field was already falling behind other academic fields in its treatment of professional women. One recent reviewer argues that Johns Hopkins University Press, which published the Excavations at Olynthus series, and Ellingson's alma mater, Johns Hopkins University, should both acknowledge Ellingson as the author of the publications in question.
Ellingson appears to have left academia after getting her PhD, although Robinson mentions her as teaching at Mount Royal College in Calgary, Canada, in the early 1950s. In the 1960s, after having raised a family, Ellingson returned to academia to become a highly respected archaeology professor at the University of Evansville, Indiana; she retired in 1974 without publishing anything in her field under her own name. After Ellingson died in 1993, one of her daughters donated Ellingson's Olynthus photo albums to the university archives.