Genre Biography | ||
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Similar Roman Martyrology, Chronography of 354, Liber Pontificalis, Acta Sanctorum, Sacramentary | ||
The Martyrologium Hieronymianum (meaning "martyrology of Jerome") is list of Christian martyrs, one of the most used and influential of the Middle Ages. It is the oldest surviving general or "universal" martyrology, and the ultimate source of all later Western martyrologies. It was probably compiled in the late 6th century by monks in Gaul from calendars or martyrologies originating in Rome, Africa, the Christian east and locally.
Contents
Pseudepigraphically attributed to Saint Jerome, the Martyrologium Hieronymianum contains a reference to him derived from the opening chapter of his Vita Malchi (392 AD) where Jerome states his intention to write a history of the saints and martyrs from the apostolic times: "I decided to write [a history, mentioned earlier] from the coming of the savior up to our age, that is, from the apostles, up to the dregs of our time". Its alternate name, Martyrologium sancti Hieronomi, further erodes confidence about its authorship.
Date and textual history
Hippolyte Delehaye was of the opinion that the first recension was compiled in northern Italy, probably within the patriarchate of Aquileia, in the 430s or 440s. The 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica suggested that in its present form it goes back to the end of the 6th century: "It is the result of the combination of a general martyrology of the Eastern Churches, a local martyrology of the Church of Rome, some general martyrologies of Italy and Africa, and a series of local martyrologies of Gaul. The task of critics is to distinguish between its various constituent elements." The sole surviving manuscript derives from a lost recension apparently made in Gaul, probably at Auxerre, ca 600, with which the Dictionary of the Middle Ages concurs. The text shows signs of having been copied in Anglo-Saxon England by its inclusion of five Anglo-Saxon commemorations. The sole surviving copy (Epternacensis) is associated with the household of the Northumbrian Willibrord, at his foundation, Echternach; it is conserved at the Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, lat. 10837, folios 2 - 33.
In its present form, the Martyrologium Hieronymianum is a 9th-century compilation from various calendars and lists of martyrs, amended and interpolated, the names distorted and multiplied, or moved from one date to another according to local cultus. Scholars generally assume that in the lists of martyrs that head each day's entry, newer additions were added at the bottom of the lists, and thus the first names are most likely to be those from the lost earliest versions of the Martyrologium Hieronymianum.
Contents
Some of the entries contain brief narratives about the saints which are of historic interest, however the vast majority of entries are nothing but lists of names and places, for example: "On the third day before the Ides of January, at Rome, in the [catacomb] cemetery of Callixtus, on the Appian Way, buried Miltiades, the bishop". The first "historic" martyrologies, (containing narrative history of the life of a saint), would not flower until the Carolingian period, starting with the martyrology of Bede.