The mammal species of Borneo include 288 species of terrestrial and 91 species of marine mammals recorded within the territorial boundaries of Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia. The terrestrial mammals are dominated by the chiroptera (102 species of bats) and rodents (61 species of rats and mice).
The high diversity and endemicity of mammals is related to the many niches found in the tropical rain forest of Borneo and past Pleistocene events within the Sundaland region. During interglacial and post-glacial periods, there was migration of animal from the Asian mainland into Borneo and into Sulawesi via the Philippines. Due to lack of favourable habitats and small founder population, some species of animals have become extinct and others have radiated into endemic species. For example, in Holocene times, ancient pangolin (Manis palaeojavanica), panther (Panthera sp) and tapir (Tapirus indicus) became locally extinct in Borneo. Of the 57 mammal species that were identified from archaeological remains in the Niah Caves, Sarawak, 13 were bats. Four of these were megachiropterans, Pteropus vampyrus, Rousettus amplexicaudatus, Rousettus sp and Eonycteris spelaea, all of which remain extant species in Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia. The provisional list of mammals of Borneo (sensu Lord Medway, Payne et al., Corbet and Hill, Koopman, and Wilson and Reeder) are listed in the table below. There are various conflicts in the taxonomic lists by previous authors, which need further field research for validation.
The following list gives the scientific name followed by the common names, description, ecology, conservation and distribution information.
Echinosorex gymnura: Moonrat. Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan.
Hylomys suillus: Lesser gymnure. China, Myanmar, Indochina, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sabah and Sarawak.
Suncus murinus: House shrew. Africa, Asia, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan.
Suncus ater: Black shrew. Endemic to Borneo; known only from Gunung Kinabalu
Suncus etruscus: Savi's pigmy shrew. Europe, Africa, Asia; Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sabah and Sarawak.
Crocidura monticola: Sunda shrew. Java, Lombok, Sumba and Flores; Malay Peninsula, Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan.
Crocidura fuliginosa: South-east Asia white-toothed shrew. India, Indochina, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan.
Chimarrogale himalayica: Himalayan water shrew. Himalaya, south China, Southeast Asia, Japan, Sumatra and Sabah.
Order: Scandentia
Ptilocercus lowii Pentail treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
Tupaia glis Common treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
Tupaia splendidula Ruddy treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
Tupaia montana Mountain tree shrew. Local name is tupai gunung CITES Appendix II
Tupaia minor Lesser treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
Tupaia gracilis Slender treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
Tupaia picta Painted treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
Tupaia dorsalis Striped treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
Tupaia tana Large treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
Dendrogale melanura Smooth-tailed treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
Rousettus amplexicaudatus Geoffroy's rousette
Rousettus spinalatus Bare-backed rousette
Pteropus vampyrus Large flying fox
Pteropus hypomelanus Island flying fox
Cynopterus brachyotis form I: Short-nosed fruit bat; large-sized, in open habitats; form II: Short-nosed fruit bat; small-sized, in closed forest .
Cynopterus brachyotis
Cynopterus sphinx Greater short-nosed fruit bat. Known to Kalimantan
Cynopterus horsfieldi Horsfield's fruit bat
Penthetor lucasi Dusky fruit bat
Megaerops ecaudatus Tailess fruit bat
Megaerops wetmorei White-collared fruit bat
Dyacopterus spadiceus Dayak fruit bat
Chironax melanocephalus Black-capped fruit bat
Balionycteris maculata Spotted-winged fruit bat
Aethalops aequalis Grey fruit bat
Eonycteris spelaea Cave nectar bat
Eonycteris major Greater nectar bat
Macroglossus minimus Long-tongued nectar bat
Emballonura alecto Greater sheath-tailed bat
Emballonura monticola Lesser sheath-tailed bat
Saccolaimus saccolaimus Pouched tomb bat
Taphozous melanopogon Black-bearded tomb bat
Taphozous longimanus Long-winged tomb bat
Megaderma spasma Lesser false vampire
Nycteris tragata Hollow-faced bat
Rhinolophus borneensis Bornean horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus pusillus Least horseshoe
Rhinolophus arcuatus Arcuatus horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus acuminatus Acuminate horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus affinis Intermediate horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus creaghi Creagh's horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus philippinensis Philippine horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus trifoliatus Trefoil horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus sedulus Lesser woolly horseshoe bat
Hipposideros ater Dusky roundleaf bat
Hipposideros bicolor Bicolor roundleaf bat
Hipposideros cineraceus Ashy roundleaf bat
Hipposideros dyacorum Dayak roundleaf bat
Hipposideros doriae Least roundleaf
Hipposideros ridleyi Ridley's roundleaf bat
Hipposideros cervinus Fawn roundleaf bat
Hipposideros galeritus Cantor's roundleaf bat
Hipposideros coxi Cox's roundleaf bat
Hipposideros larvatus Intermediate roundleaf bat
Hipposideros diadema Diadem roundleaf bat
Coelops robinsoni Lesser tailess roundleaf bat
Myotis muricola Whiskered myotis
Myotis ater Black myotis
Myotis montivagus Large brown myotis
Myotis siligorensis Small-toothed myotis
Myotis ridleyi Ridley's myotis
Myotis horsfieldii Horsfield's myotis
Myotis hasseltii Hasselt's large-footed myotis
Myotis adversus Grey large-footed myotis
Myotis macrotarsus Pallid large-footed myotis
Pipistrellus javanicus Javan pistrelle
Pipistrellus tenuis Least pipistrelle
Pipistrellus ceylonicus Dark brown pipistrelle
Hypsugo kitcheneri Red-brown pipistrelle
Falsistrellus petersi Wooly pipistrelle
Arielulus cuprosus Coppery pipistrelle
Hypsugo imbricatus
Hypsugo macrotis
Pipistrellus vordermanni White-winged pipistrelle
Glischropus tylopus Thick-thumb pipistrelle
Philetor brachypterus Narrow-winged brown bat
Hesperoptenus doriae False serotine
Hesperoptenus blanfordi Least false serotine
Hesperoptenus tomesi Tomes' false serotine
Tylonycteris robustula Greater bamboo bat
Tylonycteris pachypus Lesser bamboo bat
Scotophilus kuhlii Yellow house bat
Murina cyclotis Orange tube-nosed bat
Murina aenea Bronzed tube-nosed bat
Murina rozendaali Gilded tube-nosed bat
Murina suilla Lesser tube-nosed bat
Harpiocephalus harpia Hairy-winged bat
Kerivoula papillosa Papillose wooly bat
Kerivoula hardwickii Hardwicke's wooly bat
Kerivoula pellucida Clear-winged wooly bat
Kerivoula intermedia Small woolly bat
Kerivoula minuta Least wooly bat
Kerivoula whiteheadi Whitehead's woolly bat
Kerivoula lenis
Phoniscus jagorii Frosted groove-toothed bat
Phoniscus atrox Gilded groove-thoothed bat
Miniopterus magnater Large bent-winged bat
Miniopterus schreibersi Common bent-winged bat
Miniopterus pusillus Small bent-winged bat
Miniopterus medius Medium bent-winged bat
Miniopterus australis Lesser bent-winged bat
Cheiromeles torquatus Naked bat
Mops mops Free-tailed bat
Chaerephon plicata Wrinkle-lipped bat
Nycticebus coucang Slow loris
Tarsius bancanus Western tarsier common name : Kera hantu
Presbytis melalophos Banded langur
Presbytis hosei Hose's langur
Presbytis rubicunda Maroon langur
Presbytis chrysomelas Sarawak surili
Presbytis frontata White-fronted langur
Trachypithecus cristatus Silvered langur
Nasalis larvatus Proboscis monkey
Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed macaque. This species is arboreal.
Macaca nemestrina Pig-tailed macaque
Hylobates muelleri Müller's Bornean gibbon
Hylobates albibarbis Bornean white-bearded gibbon
Pongo pygmaeus Orangutan .
Manis javanica Pangolin
Ratufa affinis Giant squirrel
Callosciurus prevostii Prevost's squirrel
Callosciurus baluensis Kinabalu squirrel
Callosciurus notatus Plantain squirrel
Callosciurus adamsi Ear-spot squirrel
Callosciurus orestes Bornean black-banded squirrel
Sundasciurus hippurus Horse-tailed squirrel
Sundasciurus lowii Low's squirrel
Sundasciurus tenuis Slender squirrel
Sundasciurus jentinki Jentink's squirrel
Sundasciurus brookei Brooke's squirrel
Glyphotes simus Red-bellied sculptor squirrel
Lariscus insignis Three-striped ground squirrel
Lariscus hosei Four-striped ground squirrel
Dremomys everetti Bornean mountain ground squirrel
Rhinosciurus laticaudatus Shrew-faced ground squirrel
Nannosciurus melanotis Black-eared pigmy squirrel
Exilisciurus exilis Plain pigmy squirrel
Exilisciurus whiteheadi Whitehead's pigmy squirrel
Rheithrosciurus macrotis Tufted ground squirrel
Petaurillus hosei Hose's pigmy flying squirrel
Petaurillus emiliae Lesser pigmy flying squirrel
Iomys horsfieldii Horsfield's flying squirrel
Aeromys tephromelas Black flying squirrel
Aeromys thomasi Thomas's flying squirrel
Petinomys hageni Hagen's flying squirrel
Petinomys genibarbis Whiskered flying squirrel
Petinomys setosus Temminck's flying squirrel
Petinomys vordermanni Vordermann's flying squirrel
Hylopetes lepidus Grey-cheeked flying squirrel
Hylopetes spadiceus Red-cheeked flying squirrel
Pteromyscus pulverulentus Smoky flying squirrel
Petaurista petaurista Red giant flying squirrel
Petaurista elegans Spotted giant flying squirrel
Rattus rattus House rat
Rattus tiomanicus Malaysian field rat
Rattus argentiventer Ricefield rat
Rattus baluensis Summit rat
Rattus exulans Polynesia rat
Rattus norvegicus Norway rat
Sundamys muelleri Muller's rat
Sundamys infraluteus Mountain giant rat
Niviventer cremoriventer Dark-tailed rat
Niviventer rapit Long-tailed mountain rat
Maxomys rajah Brown spiny rat
Maxomys surifer Red spiny rat
Maxomys alticola Mountain spiny rat
Maxomys ochraceiventer Chestnut-bellied spiny rat
Maxomys baeodon Small spiny rat
Maxomys whiteheadi Whitehead's rat
Leopoldamys sabanus Long-tailed giant rat
Lenothrix canus Grey tree rat
Mus castaneus Asian house rat
Mus caroli Ricefield mouse
Chiropodomys gliroides Common pencil-tailed tree-mouse
Chiropodomys major Large pencil-tailed tree-mouse
Chiropodomys muroides Grey-bellied pencil-tailed tree-mouse
Haeromys margarettae Ranee mouse
Trichys fasciculata Long-tailed porcupine
Hystrix brachyura Common porcupine
Thecurus crassispinis Thick-spined porcupine
Balaenoptera musculus Blue whale
Balaenoptera physalus Fin whale
Balaenoptera borealis Sei whale
Balaenoptera edeni Bryde's whale
Balaenoptera acutorostrata Minke whale
Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback whale
Physeter macrocephalus Sperm whale
Kogia breviceps Pigmy sperm whale
Kogia simus Dwarf sperm whale
Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier's beak whale
Mesoplodon sp Beaked whale
Orcaella brevirostris Irrawaddy dolphin
Peponocephala electra Melon-headed whale
Feresa attenuata Pigmy killer whale
Pseudorca crassidens False killer whale
Orcinus orca Killer whale
Globicephala macrorhynchus Short-finned pilot whale
Steno bredanensis Rough-toothed dolphin
Sousa chinensis Indo-Pacific hump-backed dolphin
Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser's dolphin
Delphinus delphis Common dolphin
Tursiops truncatus Bottlenose dolphin
Grampus griseus Risso's dolphin
Stenella attenuata Spotted dolphin
Stenella coeruleoalba Striped dolphin
Stenella longirostris Long-snouted spinner dolphin
Neophocaena phocaenoides Finless porpoise
Canis familiaris Domestic dog
Helarctos malayanus Sun bear
Martes flavigula Yellow-throated marten
Mustela nudipes Malay weasel
Melogale everetti Bornean ferret-badger
Mydaus javanensis Malay badger. Local name for Malay badger is Teledu
Lutra sumatrana Hairy-nosed otter
Lutra lutra Eurasian otter
Lutrogale perspicillata Smooth-coated otter
Amblonyx cinerea Oriental small-clawed otter
Viverra tangalunga Malay civet. Local name for Malay civet is Tangalunga
Prionodon linsang Banded linsang
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Common palm civet
Paguma larvata Masked palm civet
Arctictis binturong Bearcat
Arctogalidia trivirgata Small-toothed palm civet
Hemigalus derbyanus Banded palm civet
Diplogale hosei Hose's civet
Cynogale bennettii Otter-civet
Herpestes brachyurus Short-tailed mongoose
Herpestes hosei Hose's mongoose (Sometimes considered a sub-species of the short-tailed mongoose and is not listed within the IUCN database)
Herpestes semitorquatus Collared mongoose
Neofelis diardi Sunda clouded leopard
Pardofelis marmorata Marbled cat
Catopuma badia Bay cat
Prionailurus planiceps Flat-headed cat
Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard cat
Felis sylvestris catus Domestic cat
Dugong dugon Dugong
Elephas maximus borneensis Borneo Elephant
Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Sumatran rhinoceros. Extinct in Brunei, probably extinct in Sarawak and Kalimantan. Found only in eastern Sabah.
Sus barbatus Bearded pig
Sus scrofa domesticus Domestic pig
Tragulus javanicus Lesser mouse-deer
Tragulus napu Greater mouse-deer
Muntiacus muntjak Red muntjac
Muntiacus atherodes Bornean yellow muntjac
Rusa unicolor Sambar deer
Rusa timorensis Javan rusa
Bos javanicus Banteng or tembadau. Present in Kalimantan, Sabah, and possibly Sarawak; believed extinct in Brunei.
Bos indicus Domestic humped cattle
Bubalus bubalis Domestic water buffalo
Capra aegagrus hircus Domestic goat
