In semiconductors, valence bands are well characterized by 3 Luttinger parameters. At the Г-point in the band structure,
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Three valence band state
In the presence of spin-orbit interaction, total angular momentum should take part in. From the three valence band, l=1 and s=1/2 state generate six state of |j,mj> as
The spin-orbit interaction from the relativistic quantum mechanics, lowers the energy of j=1/2 states down.
Phenomenological Hamiltonian for the j=3/2 states
Phenomenological Hamiltonian in spherical approximation is written as
Phenomenological Luttinger parameters
and
If we take
Two degenerated resulting eigenenergies are
Measurement of Luttinger parameters
Luttinger parameter can be measured by Hot-electron luminescence experiment.
Example: GaAs