Name Lott Cary | ||
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Died November 10, 1828, Liberia | ||
Lott Cary (also in records as Lott Carey) (1780 – November 10, 1828) was an African-American Baptist minister and lay physician, who was instrumental in the founding of the Colony of Liberia in the 1820s in Africa. He served as its acting governor from August 1828 to his death in November. Born into slavery in Charles City County, Virginia, he purchased his freedom and that of his children at the age of 33 after saving money from being hired out in Richmond. He had advanced to a supervisory position in a tobacco warehouse.
Contents
- Early life and education
- Freedom and career
- American Colonization Society
- Colony of Liberia
- Legacy and honors
- References
He emigrated in 1821 with his family to the colony of Liberia, founded by the American Colonization Society for the resettlement of free blacks from the United States. Cary was one of the first black American missionaries to Africa, and the first American Baptist missionary. He established the colony's first church, founded schools for natives, and helped lead the colony.
Early life and education
In 1780 Lott Cary was born into slavery and humble surroundings in Charles City County, Virginia, on the plantation of John Bowry.
In 1804, his master, a planter and Methodist minister, hired Cary out as a young man in the capital city of Richmond, about 25 miles away. He was hired out by the year to work at the Shockoe tobacco warehouse.
In 1807 Cary joined the First Baptist Church of Richmond, originally a congregation of both whites and blacks, free and slave. During the second Great Awakening and religious revivals of this period, Baptist and Methodist preachers had recruited many slaves into their congregations. He was baptized by its pastor, John Courtney.
Beginning his education by learning to read the Bible, Cary later attended a small school for slaves. Its twenty young men were taught by Deacon William Crane. He had come from Newark, New Jersey in 1812, opened a shoe store, and joined the First Baptist Church. Crane's students met three evenings each week to learn reading, writing, arithmetic, and the Bible.
As he became educated, Cary rose from working as a common laborer to become a shipping clerk and supervisor of in a tobacco warehouse on Tobacco Row in Richmond. Cary was often rewarded by his master with five-dollar bills from the money he earned. He was also permitted to collect and sell small bags of waste tobacco for his own profit.
Freedom and career
In 1813, Cary's first wife died. With money he had earned, that year Cary purchased his own freedom and that of their two children for $850. As a free man, he continued to be both industrious and frugal. He and his family stayed in Richmond; many jobs were available and the city had a growing free black community. In 1813 Cary became an official Baptist minister. He also became a lay medical practitioner while in Richmond.
In 1815, he and a colleague named Collin Teague helped form the African Baptist Missionary Society in Richmond.
American Colonization Society
In the early 19th century, about 2 million African Americans lived in the United States, of whom 200,000 were free. Most of these were located in the North, but the states of the Upper South, especially Virginia, Maryland and Delaware, also had an increase in the number of free blacks in this period. For the first 20 years after the Revolutionary War, some slaveholders freed their slaves in response to its ideals, as well as the appeals of preachers active in the Second Great Awakening.
Believing that free blacks threatened the stability of their slave society, in 1816 Virginia politician Charles Fenton Mercer and the Reverend Robert Finley founded the American Colonization Society (ACS), with the goal of enabling free blacks and former slaves to emigrate to Africa and establish a colony there. Although by this time most enslaved and free blacks were native-born in the United States, often for generations, some members of the ACS thought the goal represented a "repatriation" of blacks to Africa.
The Society was supported by a paradoxical coalition of philanthropists, members of the clergy and abolitionists, and slaveholders. Those favoring abolition wanted to free enslaved blacks and provide them with the chance to go to Africa. The slaveholders wanted to expel free blacks from the South and the United States.
The ACS planted the colony of Liberia on the coast in West Africa in 1819. Cary was among numerous free blacks who became interested in this movement. Most free blacks, however, as native to the United States, wanted no part of expatriation. They believed that, like European Americans, their roots were in the US. They wanted to enjoy the rights of citizens and free people in the country where they had many ties.
Colony of Liberia
By 1821, Cary had accumulated a sum to pay for his and his second wife's expenses for transportation to the new colony of Liberia on the African coast. He was giving up his property, purchased in Henrico County, and a good income.
"When asked why he would leave a community in which he was respected and led a comfortable life, he replied: 'I am an African, and in this country, however meritorious my conduct, and 'respectable' my character, I cannot receive the credit due to either. I wish to go to a country where I shall be estimated by my merits, not by my complexion; and I feel bound to labor for my suffering race."
His work in Liberia was supported by the First Baptist Church of Richmond, the American Baptist Foreign Missions Society, and the African Baptist Missionary Society of Richmond, of which he was a co-founder. Cary became the first black American missionary to Africa.
In the new colony, Cary served the leadership as a pastor, counselor, and physician. His second wife died of disease shortly after they arrived in Liberia. In its November 5, 1825 article about the colony and Cary's life, the New York Observer noted that Cary's third wife had died; she was "the daughter of Richard Sampson, from Petersburg, Virginia." "Cary, Lott". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
After arrival, Cary quickly established Providence Baptist Church in Monrovia, located on Cape Montserado. This became the capital. In 1822 he helped mount the defense of the new colony against 1500 native Africans. He also founded several schools to teach Christianity to natives in the interior. In 1826, he was elected vice-agent of the ACS.
Early life in the Colony of Liberia was harsh and dangerous. Native Africans resisted the colonization and expansion by the American settlers, which resulted in many armed conflicts between the groups. The colonists were also at risk of attack from slave traders, who would have sold the blacks into slavery. In addition, they suffered disease until the colony could develop better housing and sanitation.
In August 1828, Cary became acting governor of Liberia. He had been designated as successor by the previous governor Jehudi Ashmun before his death. Later that year Cary was wounded in an accident and died two days later on November 10, 1828. He and seven companions were fatally injured by an explosion while they were making bullets.