Littlewood subordination theorem - Alchetron, the free social encyclopedia

In mathematics, the Littlewood subordination theorem, proved by J. E. Littlewood in 1925, is a theorem in operator theory and complex analysis. It states that any holomorphic univalent self-mapping of the unit disk in the complex numbers that fixes 0 induces a contractive composition operator on various function spaces of holomorphic functions on the disk. These spaces include the Hardy spaces, the Bergman spaces and Dirichlet space.

Subordination theorem

Let h be a holomorphic univalent mapping of the unit disk D into itself such that h(0) = 0. Then the composition operator C_h defined on holomorphic functions f on D by

C h ( f ) = f ∘ h

defines a linear operator with operator norm less than 1 on the Hardy spaces H p ( D ) , the Bergman spaces A p ( D ) . (1 ≤ p < ∞) and the Dirichlet space D ( D ) .

The norms on these spaces are defined by:

∥ f ∥ H p p = sup r 1 2 π ∫ 0 2 π | f ( r e i θ ) | p d θ ∥ f ∥ A p p = 1 π ∬ D | f ( z ) | p d x d y ∥ f ∥ D 2 = 1 π ∬ D | f ′ ( z ) | 2 d x d y = 1 4 π ∬ D | ∂ x f | 2 + | ∂ y f | 2 d x d y

Littlewood's inequalities

Let f be a holomorphic function on the unit disk D and let h be a holomorphic univalent mapping of D into itself with h(0) = 0. Then if 0 < r < 1 and 1 ≤ p < ∞

∫ 0 2 π | f ( h ( r e i θ ) ) | p d θ ≤ ∫ 0 2 π | f ( r e i θ ) | p d θ .

This inequality also holds for 0 < p < 1, although in this case there is no operator interpretation.

Case p = 2

To prove the result for H² it suffices to show that for f a polynomial

∥ C h f ∥ 2 ≤ ∥ f ∥ 2 ,

Let U be the unilateral shift defined by

U f ( z ) = z f ( z ) .

This has adjoint U* given by

U ∗ f ( z ) = f ( z ) − f ( 0 ) z .

Since f(0) = a₀, this gives

f = a 0 + z U ∗ f

and hence

C h f = a 0 + h C h U ∗ f .

Thus

∥ C h f ∥ 2 = | a 0 | 2 + ∥ h C h U ∗ f ∥ 2 ≤ | a 0 2 | + ∥ C h U ∗ f ∥ 2 .

Since U*f has degree less than f, it follows by induction that

∥ C h U ∗ f ∥ 2 ≤ ∥ U ∗ f ∥ 2 = ∥ f ∥ 2 − | a 0 | 2 ,

and hence

∥ C h f ∥ 2 ≤ ∥ f ∥ 2 .

The same method of proof works for A² and D .

General Hardy spaces

If f is in Hardy space H^p, then it has a factorization

f ( z ) = f i ( z ) f o ( z )

with f_i an inner function and f_o an outer function.

Then

∥ C h f ∥ H p ≤ ∥ ( C h f i ) ( C h f o ) ∥ H p ≤ ∥ C h f o ∥ H p ≤ ∥ C h f o p / 2 ∥ H 2 2 / p ≤ ∥ f ∥ H p .

Inequalities

Taking 0 < r < 1, Littlewood's inequalities follow by applying the Hardy space inequalities to the function

f r ( z ) = f ( r z ) .

The inequalities can also be deduced, following Riesz (1925), using subharmonic functions. The inequaties in turn immediately imply the subordination theorem for general Bergman spaces.

References

Littlewood subordination theorem Wikipedia

(Text) CC BY-SA