List of rulers of Tuscany

House of Boniface

These were originally counts of Lucca who extended their power over the neighbouring counties.

Boniface I, 812–823

Boniface II, 828–834

Aganus, 835–845

Adalbert I, 847–886

Adalbert II the Rich, 886–915

Guy, 915–929

Lambert, 929–931

House of Boso

These were the (mostly illegitimate) relatives of Hugh of Arles, King of Italy, whom he appointed to their post after removing the dynasty of Boniface

Boso, 931–936

Humbert, 936–961

Hugh the Great, 961–1001

House of Boniface (restored)

Boniface (III), 1004–1011

Nondynastic

Rainier, 1014–1027

House of Canossa

These were the descendants of the Counts of Canossa.

Boniface III, 1027–1052

Frederick, 1052–1055

Matilda, 1052–1115

Beatrice of Bar, 1052–1055 (regent as mother of Frederick and Mathilda)

Godfrey the Bearded, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1053–1069 (regent as husband of Beatrice and step-father to Frederick and Matilda)

Godfrey the Hunchback, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1069–1076 (regent as husband of Matilda)

Welf II, 1089–1095 (co-regent as husband of Matilda)

Nondynastic

Rabodo, 1116–1119

Conrad, 1119/20–1129/31

Rampret, c. 1131

Engelbert, 1134/5–1137

Henry the Proud, 1137–1139

Ulrich of Attems, 1139–1152 (imperial vicar)

Welf VI, 1152–1160

Welf VII, 1160–1167

Rainald of Dassel, Archbishop of Cologne, 1160–1163 (imperial vicar)

Christian of Buch, Archbishop of Mainz 1163–1173 (imperial vicar)

Welf VI, 1167–1173

Philip, 1195–1197

Frederick of Antioch, 1246–50 (imperial vicar)

After this, Tuscany was splintered between the competing republics of Florence, Pisa, Siena, Arezzo, Pistoia and Lucca. Since the 14th century, Florence gained dominance over Pistoia (1306, officially annexed 1530), Arezzo (1384), Pisa (1406), and Siena (1559). Lucca was an independent republic until the Napoleonic period in the 19th century.

De facto rulers of the Albizzi family, 1382–1434

Maso degli Albizzi 1382-1417

Rinaldo degli Albizzi 1417-1434

Rulers of the House of Medici (1512-1532)

After the Sack of Rome, Florence overthrew the Medicis once More and became a Republic, until Pope Clement VII, signed a peace treaty with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor who then invaded Florence and restored the Medicis.

Bourbon-Parma Kings of Etruria, 1801–1807

Tuscany was annexed by France, 1807–1814. Napoleon's sister Elisa Bonaparte was given the honorary title of Grand Duchess of Tuscany, but did not actually rule over the region.

Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1814–1860

Leopoldo II was driven from Tuscany by revolution from 21 February to 12 April 1849, and again on 27 April 1859. He abdicated in favor of his son, Ferdinando IV, on 21 July 1859, but Ferdinando IV was never recognized in Tuscany, and was deposed by the provisional government on 16 August. Tuscany was annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia, on 22 March 1860.

Titular Habsburg-Lorraine claimants, 1860–present

Ferdinando IV 1860–1908

Giuseppe Ferdinando 1908–1921

Pietro Ferdinando 1921–1948

Goffredo 1948–1984

Leopoldo Francesco 1984–1993

Sigismondo 1993–Present