460-370 BC Hippocrates, is considered the most outstanding figure in the history of medicine.
129 AD – c. 200/c. 216), Galen, the most accomplished of all medical researchers of antiquity,
d.260 - Gargilius Martialis, short Latin handbook on Medicines from Vegetables and Fruits
325-400 - Oribasius 70 volume encyclopedia
369 Basil of Caesarea founded at Caesarea in Cappadocia an institution (hospital) called Basilias, with several buildings for patients, nurses, physicians, workshops, and schools
375 - Ephrem the Syrian opened a hospital at Edessa They spread out and specialized nosocomia for the sick, brephotrophia for foundlings, orphanotrophia for orphans, ptochia for the poor, xenodochia for poor or infirm pilgrims, and gerontochia for the old.
400 - The first hospital in Latin Christendom was founded by Fabiola at Rome
420 - Caelius Aurelianus a doctor from Sicca Veneria (El-Kef, Tunisia) handbook On Acute and Chronic Diseases in Latin.
480 -547 Benedict of Nursia founder of "monastic medicine"
525-605 - Alexander of TrallesAlexander Trallianus
500-550 - Aetius of Amida Encyclopedia 4 books each divided into 4 sections
550-630 Stephanus of Athens
560 – 636 Isidore of Seville
c. 630 - Paul of Aegina Encyclopedia in 7 books very detailed surgery used by Albucasis
790-869 Leo Itrosophist also Mathematician or Philosopher wrote "Epitome of Medicine"
c. 800–873 – Al-Kindi (Alkindus) De Gradibus
820 - Benedictine hospital founded, School of Salerno would grow around it
857d - Mesue the elder (Yūḥannā ibn Māsawayh) Syriac Christian
c. 830–870 – Hunayn ibn Ishaq (Johannitius) Syriac-speaking Christian also knew Greek and Arabic. Translator and author of several medical tracts.
c. 838–870 – Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, writes an encyclopedia of medicine in Arabic.
c.910d - Ishaq ibn Hunayn
9th century Yahya ibn Sarafyun a Syriac physician Johannes Serapion, Serapion the Elder
c. 865–925 – Rhazes pediatrics, and makes the first clear distinction between smallpox and measles in his al-Hawi.
d.955 - Isaac Judaeus Isḥāq ibn Sulaymān al-Isrāʾīlī Egyptian born Jewish physician
913-982 - Shabbethai Donnolo alleged founding father of School of Salerno wrote in Hebrew
d. 990 - Al-Tamimi, the physician
d. 982-994 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi Haly Abbas
1000 – Albucasis (936-1018) surgery Kitab al-Tasrif, surgical instruments.
d.1075 - Ibn Butlan Christian physician of Baghdad Tacuinum sanitatis the Arabic original and most of the Latin copies, are in tabular format
1018-1087 Michael Psellos or Psellus a Byzantine monk, writer, philosopher, politician and historian. several books on medicine
1021 – Alhazen
c. 1030 – Avicenna The Canon of Medicine The Canon remains a standard textbook in Muslim and European universities until the 18th century.
c.1071-1078 Simeon Seth or Symeon Seth an 11th-century Jewish Byzantine translated Arabic works into Greek
1084 - First documented hospital in England Canterbury
1087d - Constantine the African
1083-1153 Anna Komnene, Latinized as Comnena
1095 - Congregation of the Antonines, was founded to treat victims of "St. Anthony's fire" a skin disease.
late 11th early 12th century Trotula
1123 - St Bartholomew's Hospital founded by the court jester Rahere Augustine nuns originally cared for the patients. Mental patients were accepted along with others
1127 - Stephen of Antioch translated the work of Haly Abbas
1100–1161 – Avenzoar . Teacher of Averroes
1126-1198 - Averroes
c.1161d - Matthaeus Platearius
1204 - Innocent III organized the hospital of Santo Spirito at Rome inspiring others all over Europe
1242 – Ibn an-Nafis suggests that the right and left ventricles of the heart are separate and discovers the pulmonary circulation and coronary circulation
c. 1248 – Ibn al-Baitar wrote on botany and pharmacy, studied animal anatomy and medicine veterinary medicine.
1249 – Roger Bacon writes about convex lens spectacles for treating long-sightedness
1257 - 1316 Pietro d'Abano also known as Petrus De Apono or Aponensis
1260 - Louis IX established, Les Quinze-vingt; originally a retreat for the blind, it became a hospital for eye diseases, and is now one of the most important medical centers in Paris
1284 - Mansur hospital of Cairo
c. 1275 – c. 1328 Joannes Zacharias Actuarius a Byzantine physician wrote the last great compendium of Byzantine medicine
1300 – concave lens spectacles to treat myopia developed in Italy.
1292-1350 - Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziya
William of Saliceto also known as Guilielmus de Saliceto c.1210-1277
Henri de Mondeville (c. 1260 – 1316)
Mondino de Luzzi (1275-1326) "Mundinus" carried out the first systematic human dissections since Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Ceos 1500 years earlier.
Guy de Chauliac d.1368
John of Arderne 1306-1390
Heinrich von Pfolspeundt f.1460
Antonio Benivieni 1443-1502 Pathological anatomy
Paracelsus (1493-1541) burned the works of Avicenna, Galen, and Hippocrates and denounced humoral medicine On the relationship between medicine and surgery surgery book
Ambroise Pare 1510-1590 pioneered the treatment of gunshot wounds.Bartholomeo Maggi at Bologna, Felix Wurtz of Zurich, Léonard Botal in Paris, and the Englishman Thomas Gale (surgeon), (the diversity of their geographical origins attests to the widespread interest of surgeons in the problem), all published works urging similar treatment to Paré’s. But it was Paré’s writings which were the most influential.
Pierre Franco 1500?-1561
Caspar Stromayr or Stromayer Sixteenth Century
Hieronymus Fabricius His "Surgery" is mostly that of Celsus, Paul of Aegina, and Abulcasis citeing them by name.
William Clowes 1540-1604 Surgical chest for military surgeons
Peter Lowe 1550-1612
Richard Wiseman 1621-1676
William Cheselden 1688-1752
Lorenz Heister 1683-1758
Percivall Pott 1714-1789
John Hunter 1728-1793
Pierre-Joseph Desault 1744-1795 First surgical periodical
Dominique Jean Larrey 1766-1842 Surgeon to Napoleon
Antonio Scarpa 1752-1832
Astley Cooper 1768-1843 lectures principles and practice
The Bells of Scotland
Benjamin Bell 1749-1806Leading surgeon of his time and father of a surgical dynasty system of surgery
Charles Bell 1774-1842
John Bell 1763-1820
Baron Guillaume Dupuytren 1777-1835 Head surgeon at Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, The age Dupuytren
James Marion Sims 1813-1883 Vesico-vaganial surgery Father of surgical genocology Biography
Joseph Lister 1827-1912 Anti-septic surgery Father of modern surgery
Gary Aaron (born 1953)
Marco Abbondanza (born 1953) — Italian physician and eye surgeon, inventor of the Mini Asymmetric Radial Keratotomy (M.A.R.K.) and popularizer of cross-linking
William Osler Abbott (1902–1943) — co-developed the Miller-Abbott tube
William Stewart Agras — feeding behavior
Virginia Apgar (1909–1974) — anesthesiologist who devised the Apgar score used after childbirth
Jean Astruc (1684–1766) — wrote one of the first treatises on syphilis
Averroes (1126–1198) — Andalusian polymath
Avicenna (980–1037) — Persian physician
Gerbrand Bakker (1771–1828) — Dutch physician, with works in Dutch and Latin on midwifery, practical surgery, animal magnetism, worms, the human eye, comparative anatomy, and the anatomy of the brain
Frederick Banting (1891–1941) — isolated insulin
Christiaan Barnard (1922–2001) — performed first heart transplant
Charles Best (1899–1978) — assisted in the discovery of insulin
Norman Bethune (1890–1939) — developer of battlefield surgical techniques
Theodor Billroth (1829–1894) — father of modern abdominal surgery
Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) — first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States; first openly identified woman to receive a medical degree; pioneered the advancement of women in medicine
Alfred Blalock (1899–1964) — noted for his research on the medical condition of shock and the development of the Blalock-Taussig Shunt, surgical relief of the cyanosis from Tetralogy of Fallot, known commonly as the blue baby syndrome, with his assistant Vivien Thomas and pediatric cardiologist Helen Taussig
James Carson
Charaka — Indian physician
Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893) — pioneering neurologist
Guy de Chauliac (1290–1368) — one of the first physicians to have an experimental approach towards medicine; also recorded the Black Death
Loren Cordain (1950) — American nutritionist and exercise physiologist, Paleolithic diet
Harvey Cushing (1869–1939) — American neurosurgeon; father of modern-day brain surgery
Garcia de Orta (1501–1568) — revealed herbal medicines of India, described cholera
Gerhard Domagk (1895-1964) — pathologist and bacteriologist; credited with the discovery of Sulfonamidochrysoidine (KI-730), the first commercially available antibiotic; won 1939 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Charles R. Drew (1904–1950) — blood transfusion pioneer
Helen Flanders Dunbar (1902–1959) — important early figure in U.S. psychosomatic medicine
Galen (129 – c. 210) — Roman physician and anatomist
Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915) — German scientist; won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; developed Ehrlich's reagent
Christiaan Eijkman (1858–1930) — pathologist, studied beriberi
Pierre Fauchard — father of dentistry
René Gerónimo Favaloro (1923–2000) — Argentine cardiac surgeon who created the coronary bypass grafting procedure
Alexander Fleming (1881–1955)— Scottish scientist, inventor of penicillin
Girolamo Fracastoro (1478–1553) — wrote on syphilis, forerunner of germ theory
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) — founder of psychoanalysis
Daniel Carleton Gajdusek (born 1923) — studied Kuru, Nobel prize winner
George E. Goodfellow (1855–1910) — recognized as first U.S. civilian trauma surgeon, expert in gunshot wound treatment
Henry Gray (1827–1861) — English anatomist and surgeon, creator of Gray's Anatomy
Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919) — physician and anatomist
William Harvey (1578–1657) — English physician, described the circulatory system
Henry Heimlich (born 1920) — inventor of the Heimlich maneuver and the Vietnam War-era chest drain valve
Orvan Hess (1906–2002) — fetal heart monitor and first successful use of penicillin
Hippocrates (c. 460–370 BCE) — Greek father of medicine
John Hunter (1728–1793) — father of modern surgery, famous for his study of anatomy
Kurt Julius Isselbacher (Born 1928) — Former editor of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, prominent Gastroenterologist, founder of the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Association of American Physicians Kober Medal winner
Edward Jenner (1749–1823) — English physician popularized vaccination
Elliott P. Joslin (1869–1962) — pioneer in the treatment of diabetes
Carl Jung (1875–1961) — Swiss psychiatrist
Leo Kanner (1894–1981) — Austrian-American psychiatrist known for work on autism
Seymour Kety (1915–2000) — American neuroscientist
Robert Koch (1843–1910) — formulated Koch's postulates
Theodor Kocher — thyroid surgery; first surgeon to win the Nobel Prize
Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec (1781–1826) — inventor of the stethoscope
Janet Lane-Claypon (1877–1967) — pioneer of epidemiology
Thomas Linacre (1460–1524) — founder of Royal College of Physicians
Joseph Lister (1827–1912) — pioneer of antiseptic surgery
Richard Lower (1631–1691) — studied the lungs and heart, and performed the first blood transfusion
Paul Loye (1861–1890) — studied the nervous system and decapitation
Wilhelm Frederick von Ludwig (1790-1865) — a German physician known for his 1836 publication on the condition now known as Ludwig's angina
Amato Lusitano (1511–1568) — discovered venous valves, studied blood circulation
Madhav (8th century A.D.) — medical text author and systematizer
Maimonides (1135–1204)
Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694) — Italian anatomist, pioneer in histology
Barry Marshall
Charles Horace Mayo (1865–1939) — co-founder, Mayo Clinic
William James Mayo (1861–1939) — co-founder, Mayo Clinic
William Worrall Mayo (1819–1911) — co-founder, Mayo Clinic
Salvador Mazza (1886–1946) — Argentine epidemiologist who helped in controlling American trypanosomiasis
William McBride — discovered teratogenicity of thalidomide
Otto Fritz Meyerhof (1884–1951) — studied muscle metabolism; Nobel prize
George Richards Minot (1885–1950) — Nobel prize for his study of anemia
Frederic E. Mohs (1910–2002) — responsible for the method of surgery now called Mohs surgery
Egas Moniz (1874–1955) — developed lobotomy and brain artery angiography
Richard Morton (1637–1698) — identified tubercles in consumption (phthisis) of lungs; basis for modern name tuberculosis
Herbert Needleman — scientifically established link between lead poisoning and neurological damage; key figure in successful efforts to limit lead exposure
Charles Jean Henri Nicolle (1866–1936) — microbiologist who won Nobel prize for work on typhus
Ian Olver (born 1953)
Gary Onik — inventor and pioneer of ultrasound guided cryosurgery for both the prostate and the liver
William Osler (1849–1919) — the "father of modern medicine"
Ralph Paffenbarger — conducted classic studies demonstrating conclusively that active people reduce their risk of heart disease and live longer
George Papanicolaou (1883–1962) — Greek pioneer in cytopathology and early cancer detection; inventor of the Pap smear
Paracelsus (1493–1541) — founder of toxicology
Ambroise Paré (1510–1590) — advanced surgical wound treatment
Wilder Penfield (1891–1976) — pioneer in neurology
Marcus Raichle (born 1937) — father of functional neuroimaging
Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) — father of modern neuroscience for his development of the neuron theory
Joseph Ransohoff (1915–2001) — neurosurgeon who invented the modern technique for removing brain tumors
Sir William Refshauge (1913–2009) — Australian public health administrator
Rhazes (c. 854–925) (Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi)
Juan Rosai (born 1940) — advanced surgical pathology; discovered the desmoplastic small round cell tumor and Rosai–Dorfman disease
Jonas Salk (1914–1995) — developed a vaccine for polio
Lall Sawh (born 1951) — Trinidadian surgeon/urologist and pioneer of kidney transplantation in the Caribbean
Ignaz Semmelweis (1818–1865) — a pioneer of avoiding cross-infection — introduced hand washing and instrument cleaning
Victor Skumin (born 1948) — first to describe a previously unknown disease, now called Skumin syndrome (a disorder of the central nervous system of some patients after receiving a prosthetic heart valve)
John Snow (1813–1858) — anaesthetist and pioneer epidemiologist who studied cholera
Thomas Starzl — performed the first liver transplant
Andrew Taylor Still (1828–1917) — father of osteopathic medicine
Susruta (c. 500 BCE) — Indian physician and pioneering surgeon
Thomas Sydenham (1642–1689) — clinician
James Mourilyan Tanner (born 1920) — developed Tanner stages and advanced auxology
Helen B. Taussig (1898–1986) — founded field of pediatric cardiology, worked to prevent thalidomide marketing in the US
Carlo Urbani (1956–2003) — discovered and died from SARS
Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) — Belgian anatomist, often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy
Vidus Vidius (1508–1569) — first professor of medicine at the College Royal and author of medical texts
Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) — German pathologist, founder of fields of comparative pathology and cellular pathology
Carl Warburg (1805–1892) — German/British physician and clinical pharmacologist, inventor of Warburg's Tincture, a famed antipyretic and antimalarial medicine of the Victorian era
Otto Heinrich Warburg (1883-1970) — German physiologist, medical doctor; Nobel prize 1931
Allen Oldfather Whipple (1881–1963) — devised the Whipple procedure in 1935 for treatment of pancreatic cancer
Priscilla White — developed classification of diabetes mellitus and pregnancy to assess and reduce the risk of miscarriage, birth defect, stillbirth, and maternal death
Carl Wood — developed and commercialized in-vitro fertilization
Alfred Worcester (1855-1951) — pioneer in geriatrics, palliative care, appendectomy, cesarean section, student health, nursing education
Ole Wormius (1588–1654) — pioneer in embryology
Sir Magdi Yacoub (born 1935) — one of the leading developers of the techniques of heart and heart-lung transplantation
Boris Yegorov (1937–1994) — first physician in space (1964)
Zhang Xichun (1860—1933) — first physician to integrate Chinese and Western medicine
See also Medical eponyms
Among the better known eponyms:
Thomas Addison (1793–1860) - Addison's disease
Alois Alzheimer (1864–1915) - Alzheimer's disease
Hans Asperger (1906–1980) — Asperger syndrome
John Brereton Barlow (1924–2008) — Barlow's syndrome
Karl Adolph von Basedow - Basedow disease
Hulusi Behçet - Behçet's disease
Paul Broca - Broca's area
David Bruce - Brucellosis
Denis Parsons Burkitt - Burkitt lymphoma
Albert Calmette (1863–1933)- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a vaccine for tuberculosis
Carlos Chagas (1879–1934) - Chagas disease
Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893) - Maladie de Charcot, Charcot joints, Charcot's triad, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Jerome W. Conn (1907–1981) - Conn's Syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)
Burrill Bernard Crohn (1884–1983) - Crohn's disease
Harvey Cushing - Cushing's disease
John Langdon Down - Down syndrome
Bartolomeo Eustachi - Eustachian tube
Gabriele Falloppio - Fallopian tube
Camillo Golgi (1843–1926) - Golgi apparatus
Ernst Gräfenberg - Gräfenberg spot (G-spot)
Joseph-Ignace Guillotin (1738–1814) - guillotine
Gerhard Armauer Hansen - Hansen's disease
Thomas Hodgkin - Hodgkin's disease
George Huntington - Huntington's disease
Moritz Kaposi - Kaposi's sarcoma
Wilhelm Frederick von Ludwig (1790–1865) - Ludwig's angina
Charles Mantoux (1877–1947) - Mantoux test for tuberculosis
Antoine Marfan (1858–1942) - Marfan syndrome
Silas Weir Mitchell (1829–1914) - Mitchell's disease
James Paget (1814–1899) - Paget's disease
James Parkinson (1755–1824) - Parkinson's syndrome
Juan Rosai (born 1940) - Rosai–Dorfman disease
Daniel Elmer Salmon - Salmonella
Gunnar B. Stickler - Stickler syndrome
Georges Albert Édouard Brutus Gilles de la Tourette - Tourette syndrome
Max Wilms (1867-1918) - Wilms' tumor
Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson - Wilson's disease
John Bodkin Adams - British general practitioner; suspected serial killer, thought to have killed over 160 patients; acquitted of one murder in 1957 but convicted of prescription fraud, not keeping a dangerous drug register, obstructing a police search and lying on cremation forms
Karl Brandt (1904–1948) - Nazi human experimentation
Edme Castaing - murderer
George Chapman - Polish poisoner and Jack the Ripper suspect
Robert George Clements - murderer
Nigel Cox - only British doctor to be convicted of attempted euthanasia
Thomas Neill Cream - murderer
Hawley Harvey Crippen - executed for his wife's murder
Baruch Goldstein (1956–1994) - assassin
Linda Hazzard - convicted of murdering one patient but suspected of 12 in total
H.H. Holmes - American serial killer
Shirō Ishii - headed Japan's Unit 731 during World War II which conducted human experimentation for weapons and medical research
Radovan Karadžić (born 1945) - accused of ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia
Jack Kevorkian (1923-2011) - convicted of second-degree murder, Michigan, April 13, 1999
Jeffrey R. MacDonald - murdered a pregnant wife and two daughters in 1979
Josef Mengele (1911–1979) - known as the Angel of Death; Nazi human experimentation
Samuel Mudd (1833–1883) - condemned to prison for setting the leg of Abraham Lincoln's assassin
Herman Webster Mudgett (1860–1896) - American serial killer
Conrad Murray - convicted of involuntary manslaughter in death of pop star Michael Jackson
Arnfinn Nesset - Norwegian serial killer
William Palmer - British poisoner
Marcel Petiot - French serial killer
Herta Oberheuser (1911–1978) - Nazi human experimentation
Richard J. Schmidt - American physician who contaminated his girlfriend with AIDS-tainted blood
Harold Shipman (1946–2004) - British serial killer
Michael Swango (born 1953) - American serial killer
An A-Z list of Wikipedia articles of Nazi doctors
Among the better known writers:
Mikhail Bulgakov (1891–1940) - Russian novelist and playwright
Louis-Ferdinand Celine (1894-1961) - French novelist, author of Journey to the End of the Night
Graham Chapman (1941-1989) - writer and actor, founding member of Monty Python
Anton Chekhov (1860–1904) - Russian playwright
Robin Cook - American author of bestselling novels, wrote Coma
Michael Crichton (1942–2008) - American author of Jurassic Park
A. J. Cronin (1896–1981) - Scottish novelist and essayist, author of The Citadel
Anthony Daniels (1949– ) - as 'Theodore Dalrymple' and under his own name, a British author, critic and social and cultural commentator
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) - British author of Sherlock Holmes fame
Steven Hacker - American medical writer
Khaled Hosseini (1965-) - American author, originally from Afghanistan, of bestselling novels The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns
John Keats (1795–1821) - English poet
Morio Kita - Japanese novelist and essayist; son of Mokichi Saitō
Jean Baptiste Lefebvre de Villebrune (1732–1809) - French physician who translated several works from Latin, English, Spanish, Italian, and German into French
Luke the Evangelist - one of the four Gospel writers of the Bible
John S. Marr - proposed natural explanations for the ten plagues of Egypt
W. Somerset Maugham (1874–1965) - British novelist and short story writer, wrote Of Human Bondage
Alfred de Musset (1810–1857) - French playwright, discovered sign of syphilitic aortitis
Mori Ōgai - Japanese novelist, poet, and literary critic
Walker Percy (1916–1990) - American philosopher and writer
François Rabelais (1483–1553) - French author of Gargantua and Pantagruel
Mokichi Saitō - Japanese poet
Friedrich von Schiller (1759–1805), German writer, poet, essayist and dramatist
William Carlos Williams (1883–1963) - American poet and essayist
And others:
Patrick Abercromby (1656 – c. 1716) - historian
Chris Adrian
Jacob Appel - short story writer
John Arbuthnot
Janet Asimov (born 1926) (née Janet O. Jeppson) - American psychiatrist, wife of Isaac Asimov
Arnie Baker - cycling coach
Sir Thomas Browne (1605–1682) - British writer
Georg Büchner - German dramatist
Ludwig Büchner - German philosopher
Thomas Campion - poet, composer
Ethan Canin - novelist, short story writer
Deepak Chopra - Indian/American writer of self-help and health books
Alex Comfort (1920–2000) - British writer and poet, author of The Joy of Sex
Ctesias (5th century B.C.) - Greek historian
Steven Clark Cunningham (born 1972), children's poem writer
Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) - British poet, grandfather of Charles Darwin
Georges Duhamel (1884–1966) - French writer, dramatist, poet and humanist
Havelock Ellis (1859–1940) - British writer and poet, author of The Psychology of Sex
Viktor Frankl (1905–1997) - Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist, author of Man's Search for Meaning
Samuel Garth (1661–1719) - British author and translator of classics
Atul Gawande - surgeon and New Yorker medical writer
William Gilbert - British author; father of W. S. Gilbert
Oliver Goldsmith - British author
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. (1809–1894) - American essayist
Richard Hooker - author of M*A*S*H
Arthur Johnston (1587–1641) - poet
Charles Krauthammer (1950- ) - American psychiatrist, syndicated political columnist
R. D. Laing - Scottish writer and poet, leader of the anti-psychiatry movement
Stanisław Lem (1929–2006) - Polish author of science-fiction (Solaris)
Carlo Levi (1902–1975) - Italian novelist and writer
David Livingstone (1813–1873) - Scottish medical missionary, explorer of Africa, travel writer
Adeline Yen Mah - Chinese-American author
Paolo Mantegazza (1831–1910) - Italian writer, author of science fiction book L'Anno 3000
Jean-Paul Marat (1743–1793) - French writer, a leader of French Revolution; assassinated in bathtub
Silas Weir Mitchell (1829–1914) - American writer
Mungo Park- Scottish physician and explorer
Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman - Indian author and translator of classical manuscripts
José Rizal (1861–1896) - Filipino novelist, scientist, linguist, and national hero
João Guimarães Rosa - Brazilian writer
Sir Ronald Ross (1857–1932) - British writer and poet, discovered the malarial parasite
Theodore Isaac Rubin (born 1923) - American author of David and Lisa
Oliver Sacks (born 1933) - British essayist (The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat)
Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965) - German charitative worker, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1952), theologian, philosopher, organist, musicologist
Frank Slaughter (1908–2001) - American bestseller author, wrote (Doctor's Wives)
Tobias Smollett (1721–1771) - author
Benjamin Spock (1903–1988) - American pediatrician, wrote Baby and Child Care
Patrick Taylor - Canadian best-selling novelist
Osamu Tezuka - Japanese cartoonist and animator; the "father of anime"
Lewis Thomas (1913–1993) - American essayist and poet
Sir Henry Thompson — British surgeon and polymath
Vladislav Vančura (1891–1942) - Czech writer, screenwriter and film director
Francis Brett Young (1884–1954) - English novelist and poet
Ayad Allawi - interim Prime Minister of Iraq
Salvador Allende (1908–1973) - Chilean president
Emilio Álvarez Montalván - Foreign Minister of Nicaragua
Arnulfo Arias - Panaman President
Bashar Al-Assad - Syrian national leader
Michelle Bachelet (born 1951) - Chilean president
Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1898–1997) - Prime Minister, President and later dictator of Malawi
Gro Harlem Brundtland (born 1939) - first Norwegian female prime minister; Director-General of the World Health Organization
Margaret Chan - Director General of the WHO; former Director of Health of Hong Kong
Chen Chi-mai - former mayor of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
York Chow - Secretary for Health, Welfare and Food of Hong Kong
Denzil Douglas - Prime Ministers of Saint Kitts and Nevis, 1995-2015
François Duvalier (1907–1971) - also known as Papa Doc; President and later dictator of Haiti
Antônio Palocci Filho - Brazilian politician, Finance Minister
Christian Friedrich, Baron von Stockmar - Anglo-Belgian statesman
Che Guevara - Latin American revolutionary leader
George Habash - founder of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Ibrahim al-Jaafari - Prime minister of Iraq
Radovan Karadžić (born 1945) - first President of Republika Srpska, now facing charges for genocide and crimes against humanity
Mohammad-Reza Khatami - Iranian politician
Ewa Kopacz (2014 - Till Date) - Polish Prime Minister who succeeded Donald Tusk
Juscelino Kubitscheck - Brazilian president
Mahathir bin Mohamad - Malaysian prime minister
Agostinho Neto (1922–1979) - MPLA leader and president of Angola
Navin Ramgoolam - Prime minister of Mauritius
Lloyd Richardson - President of the Parliament of Sint Maarten, 2014-2015
José Rizal (1861–1896) - Filipino revolutionary and national hero
Bidhan Chandra Roy - Indian politician
Hélio de Oliveira Santos - Brazilian politician, mayor of Campinas
Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925) - founder of the Republic of China
Tabaré Vázquez - former Uruguayan President
Ali Akbar Velayati (born 1945) - Iranian Foreign Minister, 1981-1997
William Walker (1824–1860) - ruler of Nicaragua
Ram Baran Yadav (2008- ) - first elected president of the republic of Nepal
Yeoh Eng-kiong - former Secretary for Health and Welfare of Hong Kong
Luis Agote (1868-1954)
Nicolas Bazan (1942- )
Hermes Binner
Eduardo Braun-Menéndez (1903-1959)
Ramón Carrillo (1906-1956)
Bernardo Houssay (1887-1971)
René Favaloro (1923-2000)
Arturo Umberto Illia - 35th President of Argentina (1963–1966)
Luis Federico Leloir (1906-1987)
Julia Polak (1939-2014)
Alberto Carlos Taquini (1905-1998)
First Azerbaijani physicians:
Hadjibaba bey Aliyev
Mirza Mukhtar bey Aliyev
Karim bey Mehmandarov
Bob Brown - parliamentary leader of the Australian Greens
Andrew Laming - Australian politician
Peter Macdonald
Brendan Nelson - Australian politician
Sir Earle Page - Prime Minister of Australia
Andrew Refshauge - Australian politician
Mal Washer
Michael Wooldridge
Carolyn Bennett
Stanley K. Bernstein
Frederick William Borden - Canadian MP and minister of the Militia
Bernard-Augustin Conroy
John Waterhouse Daniel
Hedy Fry (born 1941) - Canadian politician, member of parliament
Dennis Furlong
Charles Godfrey
Grant Hill - former Canadian MP
Wilbert Keon - Canadian senator
Keith Martin - Portuguese Canadian MP
William McGuigan - mayor of Vancouver, British Columbia
Théodore Robitaille - Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, Quebec MNA and Senator
Bette Stephenson - Ontario MPP and former Minister of Labour, Minister of Education and Minister of Colleges and Universities
Donald Matheson Sutherland - MP and former minister of National Defence
David Swann
Sir Charles Tupper (1821–1915) - Prime Minister of Canada (1896) and Premier of Nova Scotia (1864–1867); High Commissioner in Great Britain (1884–1887)
Louis Auguste Blanqui - French revolutionary socialist
Georges Clemenceau (1841–1929) - French statesman
Jean-Paul Marat - French revolution leader
Tomoko Abe - Representative of Japan
Ichirō Kamoshita - Representative of Japan, former Environment Minister
Taro Nakayama - former Representative of Japan, former Foreign Minister
Chikara Sakaguchi - Representative of Japan, former Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare
Koichiro Shimizu - former Representative of Japan, one of Koizumi Children
Tsutomu Tomioka - former Representative of Japan, one of Koizumi Children
The Netherlands
Frederik van Eeden
J. Slauerhoff
Simon Vestdijk
Leo Vroman
Liam Fox - British Secretary of State for Defence
John Pope Hennessy - former Governor of Hong Kong
David Owen - British politician
Stewart Barlow - member of the Utah House of Representatives
Larry Bucshon (born 1962) - U.S. Congressman from Indiana
Michael C. Burgess (born 1950) - U.S. Congressman from Texas
Tom Coburn (born 1948) - U.S. Senator
Howard Dean (born 1948) - former Governor of Vermont
Scott Ecklund - member of the South Dakota House of Representatives
Joe Ellington (born 1959) - member of the West Virginia House of Delegates
Bill Frist (born 1952) - United States Senate Majority Leader
Joe Heck (born 1961) - U.S. Congressman
Steve Henry (born 1953) - Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky
Jim McDermott - U.S. Congressman
Larry McDonald - U.S. Congressman
Ralph Northam (born 1959) - Lieutenant Governor of Virginia
Christopher Ottiano (born 1969) - member of the Rhode Island Senate
Rand Paul (born 1963) - U.S. Senator
Ron Paul (born 1935) - U.S. Congressman
David Watkins- member of the Kentucky House of Representatives
Dave Weldon - US congressman and autism activist
Ray Lyman Wilbur (1875–1949) - United States Secretary of the Interior, president of Stanford University
Milton R. Wolf
Thomas Wynne (1627–1691) - physician to William Penn, speaker of the first two Provincial Assemblies in Philadelphia (1687 & 1688)
Tenley Albright — Olympic figure skating champion
Lisa Aukland — American professional bodybuilder and powerlifter
Sir Roger Bannister - first man to break the four-minute mile; English neurologist
Tim Brabants — sprint kayaker, Olympic gold medalist
Felipe Contepomi — Argentine rugby union footballer
Gail Hopkins — American professional baseball player
David Gerrard — New Zealand swimmer
Randy Gregg — ice hockey player
Jack Lovelock (1910–1949) — Olympic athlete
K. Hari Prasad - Indian Ranji Trophy cricket player; CEO-Central Region, Apollo Hospitals
Stephen Rerych — American swimmer, Olympic champion, and former world record-holder
Dot Richardson - American softball player, Olympics; orthopedic physician
Sócrates (Sócrates Brasileiro Sampaio de Souza Vieira de Oliveira) — Brazilian soccer player, played for the national team 1979-1986
Jeremy Cumpston
Jonathan LaPaglia
Peter Larkins
Andrew Rochford
Rob Sitch
Lúcia Petterle
Ireland
Ronan Tynan
Gianluca Bezzina
Anders Danielsen Lie
Phil du Plessis
El Gran Wyoming
Staffan Hallerstam
Harry Hill
Christian Jessen
Sunshine Martyn
Pixie McKenna
Sir Jonathan Wolfe Miller
Darwin Shaw
Hank Wangford
Jennifer Ashton
Andrew Baldwin
Jennifer Berman
Jessica Carlson
Deepak Chopra
Lyn Christie
Terry Dubrow
Garth Fisher
Leo Galland
Anthony C. Griffin
Sanjay Gupta
Randal Haworth
Matt Iseman
Ken Jeong
Sean Kenniff
Will Kirby
C. Everett Koop
John S. Marr
Lucky Meisenheimer
Gary Motykie
Paul Nassif
Andrew P. Ordon
Mehmet Oz
Nicholas Perricone
Drew Pinsky
Bernard Punsly
Robert Rey
Brent Ridge
Nancy Snyderman
Benjamin Spock
Travis Stork
Deidre Downs, Miss America 2005
Anna Malova, Miss Russia 1998
Lúcia Petterle, Miss World 1971
Limor Schreibman-Sharir, Miss Israel 1973
Yajaira Vera, Miss Venezuela 1988
Anderson Ruffin Abbott
Jane Addams — social activist
David Alter — inventor
Oswald Avery (1877–1955) — molecular biologist who discovered DNA carried genetic information
Ali Bacher — cricketer
Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi — traveller
Roger Bannister — runner, first sub-four-minute miler
Aman Adel Barghouthi — mineralologist
Josiah Bartlett — American statesman and chief justice of New Hampshire
T. Romeyn Beck (1791–1855) — American forensic medicine pioneer
Ramon Betances — surgeon, PR nationalist
Maximilian Bircher-Benner (1867–1939) — nutritionist
Oscar Biscet — human rights advocate
Herman Boerhaave — humanist
Alexander Borodin — composer, chemist
Thomas Bowdler — censor
Lafayette Bunnell — explorer of Yosemite Valley
John Caius (1510–1573) — physician and educator
Roberto Canessa — survivor of Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571, which crashed in the Andes Mountains in 1972
Gerolamo Cardano — mathematician
Alexis Carrell — transplant surgeon, eugenicist, Vichy sympathizer
Ben Carson — African-American neurosurgeon
Laurel B. Clark (1961–2003) — American astronaut, killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) — mathematician and astronomer
Merv Cross
Ted Eisenberg, the Guinness World Record holder for most breast augmentation surgeries performed.
Steven Eisenberg, known as "The Singing Cancer Doctor."
Sextus Empiricus (2nd–3rd century C.E.) — philosopher
Ken Evoy
Giovanni Fontana — Venetian physician, engineer, and encyclopedist
Galileo Galilei — astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician
Luigi Galvani — physicist
Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655) — philosopher
William Gilbert (1544–1603) — physicist
Carl Goresky — physician and scientist
W. G. Grace — cricketer
John Franklin Gray (1804–1881) — American educator, first practitioner of homeopathy in the US
Nehemiah Grew — botanist
Samuel Hahnemann — founder of homeopathy
Armand Hammer — entrepreneur
Daniel Harris
Karin M. Hehenberger — diabetes expert
Hermann von Helmholtz — physicist
Jan Baptist van Helmont (1577–1655) — physiologist
Harry Hill — British comedian
Samuel Gridley Howe — abolitionist
Ebenezer Kingsbury Hunt (1810–1889) — President of the Connecticut State Medical Society; director of the Retreat for the Insane
Mae Jemison (born 1956) — astronaut
David Johnson — American swimmer
Stuart Kauffman (born 1939) — biologist
John Keats — poet and author
John Harvey Kellogg — cereal manufacturer
Charles Krauthammer (born 1950) — columnist and political commentator
Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909) — based his system of criminology on physiognomy
John McAndrew (born 1927) — All-Ireland Gaelic Footballer
June McCarroll — inventor of lane markings
Pat McGeer — Canadian basketball player
James McHenry (1753–1816) — signer of the United States Constitution
Archibald Menzies — naturalist
Franz Mesmer (1734–1815) — proponent of mesmerism and the idea of animal magnetism
Jonathan Miller — television presenter and stage director
Paul Möhring (1710–1792) — zoologist, botanist
Maria Montessori — educator
Boris V. Morukov — cosmonaut
Lee "Final Table" Nelson — professional poker player
Haing S. Ngor — Oscar-winning film actor
Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers (1758–1840) — astronomer
James Parkinson — physician, geologist, political activist
Claude Perrault — architect
Christian Hendrik Persoon — South African botanist
Pope John XXI — pope
Scott Powell — co-founder of the nostalgia group Sha Na Na
K. Hari Prasad
Weston A. Price — traveler, educator
Syed Ziaur Rahman — physician and medical scientist
John Ray — plant taxonomer
Prathap C. Reddy
Bradbury Robinson — threw the first legal forward pass in American football history while a medical student at St. Louis University
Peter Mark Roget — English lexicographer
Jacques Rogge — sports official
Doreen Rosenstrauch — artist, athlete, humanist, scientist
Mowaffak al-Rubaie — human rights advocate, member of the Interim Iraqi Governing Council
Benjamin Rush — signer of the United States Constitution
Daniel Rutherford (1749–1819) — chemist
Bendapudi Venkata Satyanarayana
Félix Savart — physicist
Albert Schweitzer — humanist
Michael Servetus (1511–1553) — burnt at the stake by Calvinists for heresy
Paul Sinha — British comedian
Rob Sitch — Australian comedian
Sócrates (born 1954, Sócrates Brasileiro Sampaio de Souza Vieira de Oliveira) — Brazilian football (soccer) player
James Hudson Taylor (1832–1905) — British missionary to China and founder of the China Inland Mission
Norman Earl Thagard — astronaut
Debi Thomas (born 1967) — Olympic figure skater
William E. Thornton — astronaut
John Tidwell — American basketball player
Nasiruddin al-Tusi — astronomer
Andrew Wakefield — conducted studies on disputed link between vaccines and neurodevelopmental disorders, which had many serious consequences
William Walker — Latin American adventurer
Moshe Wallach (1866–1957) — founder and director of Shaare Zedek Hospital, Jerusalem, for 45 years
John Clarence Webster — Canadian historian
Wilhelm Weinberg — with G.H. Hardy, developed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model of population genetics
JPR Williams — rugby union player
Hugh Williamson — American patriot, statesman, Surgeon General of SC
Thomas Young — scientist
