Girish Mahajan (Editor)

List of antidepressants

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This is a complete list of clinically approved prescription antidepressants throughout the world, as well as clinically approved prescription drugs used to augment antidepressants, by pharmacological and/or structural classification. Chemical/generic names are listed first, with brand names in parentheses. All drugs listed are approved specifically for major depressive disorder unless noted otherwise.

Contents

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

  • Citalopram (Celexa)
  • Escitalopram (Lexapro, Cipralex)
  • Paroxetine (Paxil, Seroxat)
  • Fluoxetine (Prozac)
  • Fluvoxamine (Luvox)
  • Sertraline (Zoloft, Lustral)

    • Zimelidine (Normud, Zelmid) and indalpine (Upstene) were also formerly used as antidepressants, but were withdrawn from the market.

    Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

  • Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)
  • Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
  • Levomilnacipran (Fetzima)
  • Milnacipran (Ixel, Savella)
  • Tofenacin (Elamol, Tofacine)
  • Venlafaxine (Effexor)

    • Serotonin modulators and stimulators (SMSs)

  • Vilazodone (Viibryd)
  • Vortioxetine (Trintellix)

    • These drugs act as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and agonize/antagonize various serotonin receptors.

    Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs)

  • Etoperidone (Axiomin, Etonin)
  • Nefazodone (Nefadar, Serzone) – withdrawn/discontinued in some countries
  • Trazodone (Desyrel)

    • These drugs act as antagonists of various serotonin receptors and as monoamine reuptake inhibitors to a lesser extent.

    Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs)

  • Reboxetine (Edronax)
  • Viloxazine (Vivalan)

    • Atomoxetine (Strattera) is also sometimes used as an antidepressant, but is not specifically approved for this purpose.

    Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

  • Amitriptyline (Elavil, Endep)
  • Amitriptylinoxide (Amioxid, Ambivalon, Equilibrin)
  • Clomipramine (Anafranil)
  • Desipramine (Norpramin, Pertofrane)
  • Dibenzepin (Noveril, Victoril)
  • Dimetacrine (Istonil)
  • Dosulepin (Prothiaden)
  • Doxepin (Adapin, Sinequan)
  • Imipramine (Tofranil)
  • Lofepramine (Lomont, Gamanil)
  • Melitracen (Dixeran, Melixeran, Trausabun)
  • Nitroxazepine (Sintamil)
  • Nortriptyline (Pamelor, Aventyl)
  • Noxiptiline (Agedal, Elronon, Nogedal)
  • Pipofezine (Azafen/Azaphen)
  • Protriptyline (Vivactil)
  • Trimipramine (Surmontil)

    • Butriptyline (Evadyne), demexiptiline (Deparon, Tinoran), imipraminoxide (Imiprex, Elepsin), iprindole (Prondol, Galatur, Tetran), metapramine (Timaxel), propizepine (Depressin, Vagran), and quinupramine (Kinupril, Kevopril) were also formerly marketed, but have since been discontinued.

    The following are also TCAs, but are atypical pharmacologically:

  • Opipramol (Insidon) – sigma (σ1 and σ2) receptor agonist
  • Tianeptine (Stablon) – unknown/unclear mechanism of action

    • Amineptine (Survector, Maneon) is another atypical TCA, acting as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), but was withdrawn from the market.

    Tiazesim (Altinil) is technically not a TCA, but it is a heterocyclic antidepressant that is very closely related, and similarly to various TCAs, it is no longer marketed.

    Tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs)

  • Amoxapine (Asendin)
  • Maprotiline (Ludiomil)
  • Mianserin (Bolvidon, Norval, Tolvon)
  • Mirtazapine (Remeron)
  • Setiptiline (Tecipul)

    • Mianserin, mirtazapine, and setiptiline are also sometimes described as noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs).

    Non-selective

  • Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
  • Phenelzine (Nardil)
  • Tranylcypromine (Parnate)

    • Many others, including benmoxin (Neuralex), iproclozide (Sursum), iproniazid (Marsilid), mebanazine (Actomol), nialamide (Niamid), octamoxin (Ximaol), pheniprazine (Catron), phenoxypropazine (Drazine), pivhydrazine (Tersavid), and safrazine (Safra) were used as antidepressants in the past, but have since been discontinued.

    Selective for MAO-B

  • Selegiline (Eldepryl, Zelapar, Emsam)

    • Non-selective

    Caroxazone (Surodil, Timostenil) was formerly used as an antidepressant, but has been discontinued.

    Selective for MAO-A

  • Metralindole (Inkazan)
  • Moclobemide (Aurorix, Manerix)
  • Pirlindole (Pirazidol)
  • Toloxatone (Humoryl)

    • These drugs are sometimes described as reversible inhibitors of MAO-A (RIMAs).

    Eprobemide (Befol) and minaprine (Brantur, Cantor) were also formerly used as antidepressants, but have been discontinued.

    Atypical antipsychotics

  • Amisulpride (Solian) – specifically approved as a monotherapy for dysthymia
  • Lurasidone (Latuda) – specifically approved as a monotherapy for depressive episodes in bipolar disorder
  • Quetiapine (Seroquel) – specifically approved as a monotherapy for depressive episodes in bipolar disorder

    • Marketed

  • Agomelatine (Valdoxan) – 5-HT2C receptor antagonist and MT1 and MT2 receptor agonist
  • Bifemelane (Alnert, Celeport) – RIMA, irreversible inhibitor of MAO-B, and weak NRI
  • Bupropion (Wellbutrin) – NRI and non-competitive antagonist of various neuronal nACh receptors
  • Ketamine (Ketalar) – non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist – not specifically approved for depression (used off-label)[1]
  • Tandospirone (Sediel) – 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist
  • Teniloxazine (Lucelan, Metatone) – NRI and 5-HT2A receptor antagonist

    • Discontinued/withdrawn from the market

  • α-Methyltryptamine [αMT] (Indopan) – multiple serotonin receptor agonist, serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA), and weak RIMA
  • Etryptamine [α-Ethyltryptamine (αET)] (Monase) – multiple serotonin receptor agonist, SNDRA, and weak RIMA
  • Indeloxazine (Elen, Noin) – serotonin releasing agent (SRA), NRI, and NMDA receptor antagonist
  • Medifoxamine (Clédial, Gerdaxyl) – weak serotonin-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SDRI) and 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist
  • Nomifensine (Merital, Alival) – NDRI
  • Oxaflozane (Conflictan) – 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C receptor agonist
  • Pivagabine (Tonerg) – unknown/unclear mechanism of action

    • Over-the-counter

    The following antidepressants are available both with a prescription and over-the-counter:

  • Ademetionine [S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe)] (Heptral, Transmetil, Samyl) – cofactor in monoamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis
  • Hypericum perforatum [St. John's Wort (SJW)] (Jarsin, Kira, Movina) – TRPC6 activator, and various other actions
  • Oxitriptan [5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)] (Cincofarm, Levothym, Triptum) – precursor in serotonin biosynthesis
  • Tryptophan (Tryptan, Optimax, Aminomine) – precursor in serotonin biosynthesis

    • Atypical antipsychotics

  • Aripiprazole (Abilify) – specifically approved as an adjunct for major depressive disorder
  • Brexpiprazole (Rexulti) – specifically approved as an adjunct for major depressive disorder
  • Lurasidone (Latuda) – specifically approved as an adjunct for depressive episodes in bipolar disorder
  • Olanzapine (Zyprexa) – specifically approved as an adjunct for major depressive disorder
  • Quetiapine (Seroquel) – approved as an adjunct for both major depressive disorder and depressive episodes in bipolar disorder
  • Risperidone (Risperdal) – not specifically approved as an adjunct for major depressive disorder (used off-label)

    • Others

  • Buspirone (BuSpar) – 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist – not specifically approved for depression (used off-label)
  • Lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid) – mood stabilizer (exact mechanism of action unknown) – not specifically approved for depression (used off-label)
  • Thyroxine (T4) – thyroid hormone (THR agonist) – not specifically approved for depression (used off-label)
  • Triiodothyronine (T3) – thyroid hormone (THR agonist) – not specifically approved for depression (used off-label)

    • Combination products

  • Amitriptyline/perphenazine (Etafron) – TCA and typical antipsychotic combination
  • Flupentixol/melitracen (Deanxit) – TCA and typical antipsychotic combination
  • Olanzapine/fluoxetine (Symbyax) – SSRI and atypical antipsychotic combination – specifically approved as a monotherapy for depressive episodes in bipolar disorder
  • Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine (Parstelin, Parmodalin, Jatrosom N, Stelapar) – MAOI and typical antipsychotic combination

    • Glutamatergics

  • Apimostinel (NRX-1074) – NMDA receptor glycine site partial agonist[4]
  • AV-101 (4-chlorokynurenine) – NMDA receptor glycine site antagonist[5]
  • Basimglurant (RG7090) – mGlu5 receptor negative allosteric modulator[6]
  • CERC-301 (MK-0657) – NMDA receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) antagonist[7]
  • Esketamine (JNJ-54135419, Ketanest S) – non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist[8]
  • EVT-101 (ENS-101) – NR2B antagonist[9]
  • EVT-103 (ENS-103) – NR2B antagonist[10]
  • Ketamine (Ketalar) – non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist[11]
  • Rapastinel (GLYX-13) – NMDA receptor glycine site partial agonist[12]

    • Monoaminergics

  • Ademetionine (SAMe; MSI-190, MSI-195, Strada) – cofactor in monoamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis – specifically under development in the United States and Europe for the adjunctive treatment of MDD[13]
  • Amitifadine (DOV-21,947, EB-1010) – serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI)[14]
  • AN-788 (NSD-788) – SDRI[15]
  • Ansofaxine (LY03005, LPM570065) – SNDRI[16]
  • Aripiprazole/sertraline (ASC-01) – AA and SSRI combination[17]
  • Cariprazine (Vraylar) – AA – specifically under development for the adjunctive treatment of MDD and as a monotherapy for depressive episodes in bipolar disorder[18]
  • Gepirone (TGFK07AD, Travivo) – 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist[19]
  • Lumateperone (ITI-007) – AA – specifically under development for the treatment of depressive episodes in bipolar disorder[20]
  • Lurasidone (Latuda) – AA – specifically under development for the treatment of MDD[21]
  • MIN-117 (WF-516) – SDRI, 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, 5-HT2A, α1A-adrenergic, and α1B-adrenergic receptor ligand[22]
  • RP-5063 (RP-5000) – AA – specifically under development for the treatment of MDD and depressive episodes in bipolar disorder[23]
  • TGBA01AD – SRI, 5-HT1A and 5-HT1D receptor agonist, and 5-HT2 receptor antagonist[24]

    • Opioidergics

  • Buprenorphine/samidorphan (ALKS-5461) – κ-opioid receptor antagonist[25]
  • CERC-501 (LY-2456302) – κ-opioid receptor antagonist[26]
  • LY-2940094 – nociceptin receptor antagonist[27]

    • Mixed

  • Bupropion/dextromethorphan (AXS-05) – non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, σ1 receptor agonist, SNRI, and non-competitive antagonist of various neuronal nACh receptors[28]
  • Cycloserine/lurasidone (Cyclurad) – NMDA receptor glycine site partial agonist and AA combination – specifically under development for the treatment of depressive episodes in bipolar disorder[29]
  • Dextromethorphan/quinidine (AVP-786/AVP-923) – non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, σ1 receptor agonist, and SNRI[30]
  • Tramadol (ETS6103/Viotra) – μ-opioid receptor agonist, SRA, NRI, and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist[31]

    • Others

  • 3β-Methoxypregnenolone (MAP-4343) – selective microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) stimulant[32]
  • Brexanolone (allopregnanolone; SAGE-547) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator – specifically under development for the treatment of postpartum depression[33]
  • JNJ-39393406 – α7 nACh receptor positive allosteric modulator[34]
  • JNJ-42847922 (MIN-202, JNJ-922) – OX2 receptor antagonist[35]
  • NNI-351 – DYRK1A inhibitor/"nerve growth factor stimulant"[36]
  • NSI-189 – hippocampal neurotrophin (precise mechanism of action unknown)[37]
  • OnabotulinumtoxinA (botulinum toxin A, Botox) – acetylcholine release inhibitor – specifically under development for the treatment of MDD in women as a local injection to paralyze facial muscles[38]
  • PH-10 – vomeropherine (precise mechanism of action unknown/undisclosed)[39]
  • Sirukumab (CNTO-136) – monoclonal antibody against interleukin-6[40]
  • TS-121 – vasopressin 1B receptor antagonist[41]

    • References

    List of antidepressants Wikipedia
    (Text) CC BY-SA


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