Leonard Cutler

Life

Leonard Cutler was born in Los Angeles in 1928. He attended Stanford University, but after two years returned home to help his family out of financial troubles. While away from academia he served in the U.S. Navy and married his wife, Dorothy. Shortly after getting married, he and his wife started their family of four sons, Jeff, Greg, Steve and Scott. During which time he also returned to Stanford University where he earned a BS in 1958, a MS in 1960, and a PhD in 1966. On September 5, 2006, at the age of 78, he died of heart failure while camping with his wife in Big Basin Redwoods State Park in California, USA.

Career

Cutler worked at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories (1957–1999), where he developed oscillators, atomic frequency standards and designed atomic chronometers. In 1999, he went on to work at Agilent Technologies, a spin-off from H-P, where he developed quartz oscillators, atomic clocks, and used the Global Positioning System to synchronize clocks world-wide. Towards the end of his time there, he concentrated on designs related to the chip scale atomic clock.

In 1964, Leonard Cutler and his colleague Al Bagley invented the first all-solid-state cesium-beam chronometer known as the HP5060A Cesium Beam Clock. The clock measured international time within a microsecond and increased the accuracy of time tracking from a millisecond held by its predecessors. Shortly after the clock’s invention, its frequency standard was adopted by the US National Institute of Standards and technology and scientific centers around the world.

In 1967, his cesium "flying clock" was used in flights around the world to bring timekeeping accuracy down to about 0.1 microseconds. In 1972 and 1976, these same clocks were used in flight tests verifying Albert Einstein’s theories of special and general relativity, showing that time does slow down the faster you move or the closer you are to a source of gravity, such as the Earth.

In 1991, Cutler invented the HP 5071A, which is twice as accurate as its 1964 counterpart. Losing only a second of accuracy every 1.6 million years, it remains the most accurate commercial clock in the world, and accounts for 82% of the data used to keep the International Atomic Time Standard (as of 2006).

Additional inventions

Leonard and his colleagues invented and held patents for quartz oscillators and the two-frequency laser inferometer, which is used in fiber optics, integrated circuit manufacturing, physics and many other scientific fields of study today.

Awards and honors

Known worldwide as an authority on atomic timekeeping and quantum-mechanical effects, Cutler received many awards and honors throughout his career.

2004 – Named Agilent Technologies’ first Distinguished Fellow2000 – Named Inventor of the Week by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as part of the Lemelson-MIT National Program in Invention, Innovation and Creativity2000 – IEEE Third Millennium Medal1999 – Distinguished PTTI Service Award for outstanding contributions related to the management of PTTI (Precise Time and Time Interval) systems.1997 – Front-page profile written about him in The Wall Street Journal (March 19, 1997)1996 – Elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society1993 – American Institute of Physics Prize for Industrial Application of Physics1990 – Named H-P’s first Distinguished Contributor1989 – Rabi Award from the IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Society, for "consistent technical and managerial contributions to the development of atomic cesium, rubidium and mercury ion frequency standards."1987 – Elected to the National Academy of Engineering1984 – IEEE Morris E. Leeds Award for outstanding contributions to the development of advanced time standards1984 – IEEE’s Centennial Award1978 – Elected an IEEE Fellow for contributions to the design of atomic frequency standards and to the theory and measurement of frequency stability1974 – Served on the Technical Program Committee of the IEEE Frequency Control Symposium for 32 years, until his death n 2006.

Patents

References

October 21, 2008 – Patent No. 7440113 - Littrow interferometerMarch 18, 2008 - Patent No. 7345553 - Method and apparatus for reducing errors due to line asymmetry in devices utilizing coherent population trappingApril 10, 2007 - Patent No. 7202751 - Optically pumped frequency standard with reduces AC stark shiftMarch 26, 2002 - Patent No. 6363091 - Coherent population trapping-based method for generating a frequency standard having a reduced magnitude of total a.c. stark shiftMarch 19, 2002 - Patent No. 6359917 - Detection method and detector for generating a detection signal that quantifies a resonant interaction between a quantum absorber and incident electro-magnetic radiationMarch 13, 2001 - Patent No. 6201821 - Coherent population trapping-based frequency standard having a reduced magnitude of total a.c. stark shiftMarch 17, 1998 - Patent No. 5729181 - High thermal gain oven with reduced probability of temperature gradient formation for the operation of a thermally stable oscillatorOctober 15, 1996 - Patent No. 5566180 - Method for recognizing events and synchronizing clocksSeptember 8, 1992 - Patent No. 5146184 - Atomic clock system with improved servo systemNovember 15, 1988 - Patent No. 4784489 - Fiber-optic based remote receiver for laser interferometer systemsJanuary 10, 1984 - Patent No. 4425653 - Atomic beam device using optical pumpingApril 27, 1976 - Patent No. 3953840 - Magneto resistive bubble detection deviceAugust 26, 1975 - Patent No. 3901468 - Logic backup for a train detection system in an automatic block systemJuly 3, 1973 - Patent No. 3744042 – Memory Protect for Magnetic Bubble MemoryMay 15, 1973 - Patent No. 3733511 – Molecular Beam Tube Having Means for Degaussing the Magnetic Shielding StructureJanuary 30, 1973 - Patent No. 3714607 – Acousto-Optic Method and Apparatus for Mode Decoupling a RingJuly 4, 1972 - Patent No. 3675149 – Atomic Beam Tube Having Multiple BeamsMay 30, 1972 - Patent No. 3667038 – Acousto-Optic RF Spectrum Analysis Method and ApparatusApril 18, 1972 - Patent No. 3656853 – Interferometric System

Writings

References

Cutler, Leonard S. "Fifty years of commercial caesium clocks." Metrologia. 42.3 (2005): S90. Print.

Zhu, M., L.S. Cutler, J.E. Berberian, J.F. DeNatale, P.A. Stupar, and C. Tsai. "Narrow linewidth CPT signal in small vapor cells for chip scale atomic clocks." Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International. 2004. 100-103. Print.

Cutler, Leonard S. "Passive Atomic Frequency Standards: A Tutorial." 2002 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Tutorials. New Orleans, 2002. Print.

Cutler, L.S., J.A. Kusters, and E.D. Powers. "Long-term experience with cesium beam frequency standards." Frequency and Time Forum, 1999 and the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium, 1999., Proceedings of the 1999 Joint Meeting of the European.1999. 159-163. Print. doi:10.1109/FREQ.1999.840733

Cutler, Leonard S. " Thermalization of .sup.199 Hg Ion Macromotion by a Light Background Gas in an RF Quadrupole Trap." Appl. Phys. B36. 1985. 137-142. Print.

Cutler, L.S., R.P. Giffard, and M.D. McGuire. "Mercury-199 Trapped Ion Frequency Standard: Recent Theoretical Progress and Experimental Results." 37th Annual Symposium on Frequency Control. 1983. 1983. 32-36. Print. doi:10.1109/FREQ.1983.200641

Cutler, Leonard S. "A Trapped Mercury 199 Ion Frequency Standard." Proc. of 13th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Applications & Planning Meeting. NASA Conf. Pub. 2220. 1981. 563-577. Print.

Joly, R., E.C. Hannah, J.E. Opfer, and L.S. Cutler. "Computer simulation of a voltage cell using a Josephson junction." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 14.4 (1979): 685-689. Print. doi:10.1109/JSSC.1979.1051245

Hyatt, R., D. Throne, L.S. Cutler, J.H. Holloway, and L.F. Mueller. "Performance of Newly Developed Cesium Beam Tubes and Standards." 25th Annual Symposium on Frequency Control. 1971. 1971. 313-324. Print. doi:10.1109/FREQ.1971.199872

Cutler, L.S. "Present Status in Short Term Frequency Stability ." 21st Annual Symposium on Frequency Control. 1967. 1967. 259-263. Print. doi:10.1109/FREQ.1967.199670

Cutler, L.S. "Some aspects of the theory and measurement of frequency fluctuations in frequency standards." Proceedings of the IEEE (0018-9219). 1966. 136. Print. doi:10.1109/PROC.1966.4627

Peters, H.E., J. Holloway, A.S. Bagley, and L.S. Cutler. "HYDROGEN MASER AND CESIUM BEAM TUBE FREQUENCY STANDARDS COMPARISON." Applied Physics Letters. 6.2 (1965): 34-35. Print. doi:10.1063/1.1728235

Cutler, L.S., and A.S. Bagley. "A Modern Solid-State Portable Cesium Beam Frequency Standard." 18th Annual Symposium on Frequency Control. 1964. 1964. 344 - 365. Print. doi:10.1109/FREQ.1964.199548

Cutler, Leonard S., and Alan S. Bagley. "A New Performance of the "Flying Clock" Experiment." HP Journal. 15.11 (Jul-1964): Print.

Cutler, Leonard S. "New Series of Microwave Sweep Oscillators with Flexible Modulation and Leveling, by Robert L. Dudley Examination of the Atomic Spectral Lines of a Cesium Beam Tube with the -hp- Frequency Synthesizer." HP Journal. 15.4 (Dec-1963): 8. Print.[1]

Cutler, Leonard S. "A New Frequency/Time Standard with 5 x 10-10 Day Stability." HP Journal. 12.3 (Nov/Dec-1958): Print.

Cutler, Leonard S., and LaThare N. Bodily. "5x10-8/Week Time Base Accuracy in the 10 MC Frequency Counter." HP Journal. 10.3-4 (Nov/Dec-1958): 5. Print.