LGBT rights in China

Song dynasty

The earliest law against a homosexual acts in China dates from the Zheng He era (政和, 1111-1118) of Emperor Zhao Ji (趙佶) in the Song dynasty, punishing "young males who act as prostitutes with a fine of 100 blows with a heavy bamboo and a fine of 50,000 cash." Another text from the Song Dynasty prohibits the offense of bu nan (male-female prostitution).

Ming dynasty

The first statute specifically prohibiting same-sex sexual intercourse between men was enacted in the Jiajing era (嘉靖, 1522-1567) of Emperor Zhu Houcong (朱厚熜) in the Ming dynasty.

Qing dynasty

By 1655, Qing courts began to refer to the term ji jian (sodomy) to apply to homosexual anal intercourse.In 1740, the first anti-homosexual decree in Chinese history was promulgated, defining voluntarily homosexual intercourse between adults as illegal.Though there were no records on the effectiveness of this decree, it was the first time homosexuality had been subject to legal proscription in China.

Republic of China

In 1912, explicit prohibitions of ji jian were abolished in China.

People's Republic of China

When the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, the Communist Party declared homosexuality a sign of bourgeois decadence. Treatment of suspected homosexuals during the Cultural Revolution was particularly harsh. In 1979, "hooliganism" was criminalized in Chinese criminal law. In 1997, the Chinese government abolished the hooligan law, an act considered by most to be a decriminalization of homosexuality in the People's Republic of China. In 2001, the Chinese Society of Psychiatry declassified homosexuality as a mental disorder.

Recognition of same-sex relationships

The Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China, adopted at the third session of the Fifth National People's Congress on September 10, 1980, defines marriage as a union between a man and a woman. Legal frameworks on marriage in the PRC state marriage as being between a man and woman. Despite having a documented history of tolerance of homoerotism, homosexuality was largely invisible during the Mao era because homosexuals were pathologised and criminalised. In the 1980s, the subject of 'homosexuality' reemerged in the public domain and gay identities and communities have expanded in the public eye since then. However, Jeffreys and Yu note that public discourse in China is disinterested and, at best, ambivalent about homosexuality, and traditional sentiments on family obligations and discrimination remains a significant factor deterring same-sex attracted people from 'coming out'.

Beijing

Beijing currently provides dependent residency status to the same-sex partners of legal residents, such as expats.

Hong Kong

In June 2009, the Government of Hong Kong extended limited recognition and protection to cohabitating same-sex couples in its Domestic Violence Ordinance.

Legal challenges

On January 5, 2016, a court in Changsha, southern Hunan Province, agreed to hear the lawsuit of 26-year-old Sun Wenlin filed in December 2015 against the Bureau of Civil Affairs of Furong District for its June 2015 refusal to let him marry his 36-year-old male partner, Hu Mingliang. On April 13, 2016, with hundreds of same-sex marriage supporters outside, the Changsha court ruled against Sun, who vowed to appeal, citing the importance of his case for LGBT progress in China. On May 17, 2016, Sun and Hu were married in a private ceremony in Changsha, expressing their intention to organize another 99 LGBT weddings across the country in order to normalize same-sex marriage in China.

Laws regarding gender reassignment

In 2009, the Chinese Government made it illegal for minors to change their officially-listed gender, stating that sex reassignment surgery, available to only those over the age of twenty, was required in order to apply for a revision of their identification card and residence registration.

Shanxi Province

In 2014, the Shanxi Province started allowing minors to apply for the change with the additional information of their guardian's identification card. This shift in policy allows post-surgery marriages to be recognized as heterosexual and therefore legal.

Hong Kong

Hong Kong law allows change in legal documents such as the identity cards and passports, but does not allow birth certificates to be changed, after a person has undergone sex reassignment surgery.

Adoption and parenting

The Chinese Government requires parents adopting children from China to be in heterosexual marriages. Adoption of Chinese children by foreign LGBT couples and individuals has already been prohibited by the Chinese authorities.

Discrimination protections

The Constitution does not explicitly deal with sexual orientation or gender identity discrimination.

There is no anti-discrimination provision for sexual orientation or gender identity under the Chinese Labour Law. The Labour Law specifically protects workers against discrimination on the basis of a person's ethnicity, gender or religion.

Hong Kong

The Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance 1991 prohibits discrimination on a variety of grounds, including "other status". In the case of Leung TC William Roy v. Secretary for Justice (2005), this has been interpreted to include sexual orientation. However, the Bill of Rights only applies to government sponsored discrimination and not the private sector.

Macau

The Basic Law of Macau's Article 25 indicates the people of Macau are free from discrimination based on a non-exhaustive list of prohibited factors. Sexual orientation is not included in such list of prohibited discrimination grounds. However, there are anti-discrimination protection based on sexual orientation in the fields of labour relations (article 6/2 of Law 7/2008), protection of personal data (article 7/1,2 of Law 8/2005) and ombudsman (article 31-A of Law 10/2000, as amended by Law 4/2012).

Freedom of expression and censorship

In 2015, film-maker Fan Popo sued government censors for pulling his gay documentary Mama Rainbow from online sites. The lawsuit concluded in December 2015 with a finding by Beijing No.1 Intermediate People's Court that the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television (SAPPRFT) had not requested that hosting sites pull the documentary. Despite this ruling, which Fan felt was a victory because it effectively limited state involvement, "the film is still unavailable to see online on Chinese hosting sites."

On December 31, 2015, the China Television Drama Production Industry Association posted new guidelines, including a ban on showing LGBT relationships on TV. The regulations stated: "No television drama shall show abnormal sexual relationships and behaviors, such as incest, same-sex relationships, sexual perversion, sexual assault, sexual abuse, sexual violence, and so on." These new regulations have begun to affect web dramas, which have historically had fewer restrictions:

"Chinese Web dramas are commonly deemed as enjoying looser censorship compared with content on TV and the silver screen. They often feature more sexual, violent and other content that is deemed by traditional broadcasters to fall in the no-no area."

In February 2016, the popular Chinese gay web series Addicted (Heroin) was banned from being broadcast online 12 episodes into a 15-episode season. Makers of the series uploaded the remaining episodes on YouTube, and production of a planned second season remains in doubt.

Conversion therapy

In December 2014, a Beijing court ruled in favor of Yang Teng, a gay man, in a case against a conversion therapy clinic. The court ruled that such treatments are illegal and ordered the clinic to pay monetary compensation to Yang.

In June 2016, Yu Hu, a gay man from Henan Province, sued a hospital in the city of Zhumadian for forcing him to undergo conversion therapy.