Kurdish grammar has many Inflections, with prefixes and suffixes added to roots to express grammatical relations and to form words.
Contents
Ergativity
Among all Iranian languages, only Yaghnobi and Kurdish are ergative, with respect to both case-marking and verb-agreement. There are general descriptions of ergativity in Kurdish, as well as in specific forms of Kurdish, such as Sorani and Kurmanjî.
Nouns
Pronouns
Kurmanji Kurdish uses two types of personal pronouns.
The ez forms (NOM.) are used as subjects in the present and future tenses. They are also used as subjects in past tenses when the verb is an intransitive one. They are used as objects in past tenses when employed with a transitive verb.
The min forms (OBL.) are used with any preposition or postposition. They are also employed as objects in present and future tenses, but as subjects of the transitive verbs in past tenses.
Kurmanji has lost the suffixes for OBL pronouns, whereas Sorani has lost nominative normal pronouns.
Demonstrative
Demonstrative pronouns when followed by postpositions (attached to the nouns) become demonstrative adjectives.
As demonstrative adjectives, Sorani Kurdish does not use OBL forms (though for demonstrative pronouns it does use OBL. plural forms); neither Kurmanji uses nominative plural forms.
General description
Kurdish verbs agree with their subjects in person and number. They have the following major characteristics:
Present and future
Present and future tenses for the verb zanîn ( to know).
Past tenses for intransitive verb of hatin (to come).
If a transitive verb accepts a nominative personal suffix, it agrees with the object of the sentence. Transitive verbs in Sorani when not used in sentences accept OBL. personal suffixes (in contrast to intransitive verbs which always accept NOM. personal suffixes).
Word order
The normal word order in Kurdish is Subject-Object-Verb (S-O-V). Modifiers follow the nouns they modify.