Kishori Amonkar

Training

Amonkar's initial training in music was by her mother, the classical vocalist Mogubai Kurdikar. She has stated in an interview that her mother was an exacting teacher, initially teaching her by singing phrases and making Amonkar repeat them. In the early stages of her career, she travelled with her mother to performances, accompanying her on the tanpura while Kurdikar sang.

In the early 1940s, young Kishori began to receive vocal lessons in Hindustani classical music from Anjanibai Malpekar (of the Bhendi Bazar Gharana) and later received training from tutors of several gharanas. Her tutors included Anwar Hussain Khan of Agra Gharana, Sharadchandra Arolkar of Gwalior Gharana, and Balkrishnabuwa Parwatkar. Amonkar has credited Malpekar, in particular, with teaching her the technique of meend, or gliding, between notes.

Technique and style

Amonkar's later work in light music reformed her classical singing and she modified her Jaipur gharana performance style by applying features from other gharanas. She has been both praised and criticized for pushing the boundaries of the Jaipur tradition. Her approach prioritized emotional expression over tradition, so she often departed from gharana's rhythmic, melodic, and structural traditions. Amonkar has criticised the idea that schools, or gharanas, of music determinate or constrain a singer's technique. Amonkar, therefore, has stated that while the Jaipur gharana's technique and methods form the base of her style, she performs several variations on it, including an adoption of alapachaari, or a relaxing of the link between the rhythm and note.

Amonkar has expressed her views on how musical education should be conducted, emphasizing the importance of enabling students to move beyond repetitive techniques and learn the tools that allow them to improvise on their own. She credits her mother with using this approach to teach her, noting, "You have to walk and run on your own. The guru gives you strength to be able to do that. If you don’t, then you remain ordinary. My mother made sure I wasn’t ordinary.” She noted that training is an ongoing process, and stated in an interview that she often listened to her own recorded performances to analyse and improve her technique.

Amonkar emphasized emotion and spirituality as essential parts of her singing, stating that "To me it (music) is a dialogue with the divine, this intense focused communication with the ultimate other." She has often spoken of music as an act of sublimation, noting that it is the sadhana (medium) to attain the sadhya (destination).

In 2010, she published a book, in Marathi, titled Swaraartha Ramani in which she elaborated her views on musical theory and practice.

Classical vocalist

Amonkar's career as a classical vocalist grew in the 1960s and 70s. Prior to this, she briefly stopped performing because of an illness that affected her ability to sing. Amonkar has said that she used this hiatus in her career to consider and develop her own style of singing, that transcended classical schools (gharanas) of music.

Amonkar has also spoken about the treatment of women performers as classical musicians, noting that the experience of watching her mother perform informed her own approach to professionalism and fair treatment, particularly when it comes to ensuring that musicians are paid well for their performances. On one notable occasion, she refused to perform because the audience was badly behaved, emphasizing the importance of respecting the performers during a concert.

She created many compositions for a number of ragas. Amonkar is also a popular speaker and has traveled throughout India, best known for lectures on the role of rasa (feelings or emotions) in music.

Light classical and popular genres

In addition to her career as a classical vocalist, Amonkar was known for her performances of lighter classical pieces, with a wide repertoire of thumri ghazals, and bhajans, as well as some performances for film soundtracks. She sang for the soundtrack of the 1990 Hindi film Drishti. She became interested in film music and sang playback for the 1964 movie Geet Gaya Patharon Ne, but reportedly returned to classical music in part because of unpleasnt experiences with the film industry. The decision may have also been motivated by her mother Mogubai Kurdikar's disapproval; Kurdikar is reported to have told Amonkar that she would be forbidden from accompanying her mother if she continued to work in the film industry.

Personal life and death

Kishori Amonkar née Kurdikar was born in Bombay on 10 April 1932. Her father died when she was 6 years old, leaving Amonkar and her two siblings to be raised primarily by their mother, the classical vocalist Mogubai Kurdikar.

Kishori was married to Ravindra Amonkar, a school teacher, who died in 1992. The couple had two sons. She was sometimes also described as "temperamental". Responding to these comments, Amonkar has stated that this reputation perhaps derives from her insistence that performers be treated respectfully, and to the fact that she chooses to spend time before her concerts in solitude and preparation instead of socializing with fellow musicians. Amonkar has stated, "I never play to the gallery. The audience cannot disturb the loneliness of an artiste." Amonkar did not enjoy giving press interviews.

Amonkar lived in the suburb of Prabhadevi, in Mumbai. She died on 3 April 2017, a week before her 85th birthday, at her residence in Mumbai. She is reported to have died after a brief illness and in her sleep.

Recognition and legacy

Amonkar received several of India's national awards and civilian honours, including the Padma Bhushan, in 1987, and Padma Vibhushan in 2002. She was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for 1985 and the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship for 2009. She was awarded the prestigious Dr. T. M. A. Pai Outstanding Konkani Award in 1991. In 2016, she was one of seven recipients of the M.S. Subbulakshmi Award for classical music.

Amonkar was recognised by several of her contemporaries and fellow musicians for her skill and technique in classical music. The tabla musician, Ustad Zakir Hussain, has said that Amonkar's performances of several ragas, such as Raga Bhoop, are "... landmark performances that take place over hundreds of years and you will talk about them for the rest of your life and rest of the many centuries to come." The Carnatic vocalist T.M. Krishna praised her approach to classical music, saying, "When Kishoriji sings she is not trying to be new but just by being with her music and continuing to submit to it, she has given classical music an everlasting newness and freshness. This is true creativity."

Amonkar is the subject of a documentary titled Bhinna Shadja, which was directed by Amol Palekar and Sandhya Gokhale. Several of Amonkar's students have become classical musicians of their own repute, including Nandini Bedekar, Raghunandan Panshikar, Suhasini Mulgaonkar, Mira Panshikar, and Meena Joshi. Amonkar's granddaughter, Tejashree Amonkar, is also a classical musician and was trained by Amonkar.