Kataoka (written: 片岡) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Azusa Kataoka (born 1988), Japanese voice actress and singerChiezō Kataoka (1903–1983), Japanese actorDrue Kataoka, Japanese American visual artistHiroji Kataoka (born 1941), Japanese academicKataoka Nizaemon XII (1882–1946), Japanese kabuki actorKataoka Shichirō (1854–1920), Imperial Japanese Navy officerKoji Kataoka (born 1977), Japanese footballerReiko Kataoka (born 1971), Japanese actressSatoshi Kataoka (born 1958), Japanese Go playerShinwa Kataoka (born 1985), Japanese actorShuji Kataoka (born 1950), Japanese film director and screenwriterKataoka Tamako, (1905–2008), Japanese Nihonga painterTsurutarō Kataoka (born 1954), Japanese actorYasushi Kataoka (1876–1946), Japanese architectYasuyuki Kataoka (born 1983), Japanese baseball playerYoshirō Kataoka (born 1945), Japanese anime producerYōsuke Kataoka (born 1982), Japanese footballerTadasu Kataoka (1915–1963), Imperial Japanese Army officer