Kachalsky v. Cacace

Background

Chapter 265 of the Penal Code of the State of New York deals primarily with crimes involving illegal possession of firearms. §265.01(1) generally prohibits the possession of firearms by individuals, making it a gross misdemeanor, while §265.03(3) makes possession of a firearm outside of one's home or place of business a felony. However, these do not apply, as in 265.20, to an individual who possesses a license issued by the State of New York under Chapter 400 of the Penal Code. The only license available to most residents of the State is provided under §400.00(2), which is a license "to have and carry concealed, without regard to employment or place of possession, [a pistol or revolver] by any person when proper cause exists for the issuance thereof." Self-Defense is described as a "central component" of the 2nd Amendment, see, McDonald vs. City of Chicago (2010), and New York is ignoring this as "proper cause" to deny this right to keep and bear arms for self-defense. This "proper cause" clause is understood to allow the issuing authority discretion to deny permits based on lack of demonstration by the applicant of such cause.

Alan Kachalsky applied for such a carry license in 2008, and was denied by Cacace on the recommendation of the County Judge in October, based solely on the fact that he "has not stated any facts which would demonstrate a need for self protection distinguishable from that of the general public." (The county judge who made this recommendation is not named specifically in the suit; this is common as lawsuits claiming damages resulting from judicial orders have a very high burden of proof to prevent retaliatory litigation). He appealed to the Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court, which in September 2009 held that the Defendants' decision was not "arbitrary or capricious" and would stand. The New York State Court of Appeals dismissed a further appeal in February 2010 on the grounds that it presented no constitutional question. At the time, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals had held that the decisions made in District of Columbia v. Heller did not apply to the States as the Second Amendment had not been incorporated to the States. However, in June 2010, the Supreme Court's decision in McDonald overturned this decision and held that the Second Amendment did constitute a limitation on States' powers.

Plaintiff Christina Nikolov similarly applied for a handgun carry license in the same County in 2009, and was denied for similar reasons, including a similar finding that Nikolov "has not demonstrated that she has a special need for self-protection distinguishable from that of the general public." It should be Noted: "A State cannot impose a license, Tax, or fee on a Constitutionally protected Right," see, Murdock vs. Penn 319 US 105 (1942); further, "The U.S. Supreme Court HELD that licensing and registration of ANY Constitutional Right is itself unconstitutional," see, 321 U.S. 573 (1944). "All Laws that are repugnant to the U.S. Constitution are NULL and VOID," see, Maybury vs. Madison (1803).

District Court

The federal complaint, dated July 14, 2010, was filed in the District Court for the Southern District of the State of New York, White Plains Division, Judge Cathy Siebel presiding. It asserts that New York's "proper cause" requirement constitutes an unreasonable infringement upon the Second Amendment rights of the Plaintiffs and of all residents of the State of New York, subject to liability under 42 USC §1983. It requests an order enjoining the Defendants and their officers and agents from enforcing the good cause requirement of NYPC §400.00(2)(f), an order commanding Defendants to issue the Plaintiffs their applied-for permits, and other relief.

The Defendants filed a motion to dismiss, which was denied, and a hearing for the Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgement was subsequently granted. Both sides filed numerous briefs in support or opposition to this motion, and on September 2, 2011, District Judge Cathy Siebel denied the Plaintiffs' motion, simultaneously granting the Defendants' cross-motion for summary judgement in their favor. Judge Siebel found that, in applying intermediate scrutiny, the "good cause" requirement promotes and is substantially related to the government's strong interest in public safety and crime prevention, and thus, while it is conceded to be an infringement of the Plaintiffs' Constitutional rights, it is constitutional and may stand. All other individual and fundamental Rights are subjected to a "Strict Scrutiny" standard for review which the Judge ignored. "The relationship between the Bill of Rights and the States must be governed by a single neutral principle," and not in a "watered-down, subjective version of the INDIVIDUAL guarantees of the Bill of Rights," (emphasis added) discussed in McDonald vs. City of Chicago (2010). The Judge has ignored the Bill of Rights and has knowingly and officially infringed not only on Plaintiff's guaranteed Right "...to keep and bear arms," for self-protection but Plaintiff's Rights to Due process of Law by misapplying the Standard of Scrutiny for review.

Court of Appeals, Second Circuit

The Plaintiffs' filed notice of an appeal to the United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, on September 7, 2011. Oral arguments were heard on August 22, 2012, and on November 27 of the same year, the panel ruling affirmed the District Court decision along similar reasoning. The Court noted that restrictions on firearms in New York law predate the ratification of the Constitution, and the law in nearly its current form has survived constitutional scrutiny before, albeit under the now-erroneous assertion that the Second Amendment of the Constitution is solely a check on Federal powers and does not apply to the States. New York State has an Analogue that states that, in part "...the right to keep and bear arms CANNOT (emphasis added for clarity) be INFRINGED," and the Court of Appeals affirmed an error; the correct Standard of Review is the "Strict Scrutiny" model, which is applied in all other "individual" and "fundamental" rights, and the 2d Circuit has violated the Due Process and Equal Protection guarantees in the recently-incorporated 2d and 14th Amendments, see, McDonald vs. City of Chicago (2010). The Courts are ignoring Our Rights for "self-defense" in the Nation's largest city and its suburbs as the "...right to self-defense is a central component of the 2nd Amendment," as described in McDonald, supra., upholding Heller vs. District of Columbia (2008). Under strict scrutiny, the government has the burden of proving that a restriction is narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling government interest, and that no less restrictive means are available to achieve that same end. Here, Defendants did not meet this burden of proof because they failed to produce any evidence demonstrating that restricting the issuance of concealed carry permits leads to a reduction in crime or an increase in public safety.

Supreme Court

The Appellants' (Kachalsky et alii) petition for certiorari was filed on January 8, 2013. The questions presented were:

1. Does the Second Amendment secure a right to carry handguns for self-defense outside the home?
2. Do state officials violate the Second Amendment by denying handgun carry licenses to responsible, law-abiding adults for lack of “proper cause” to bear arms for self-defense?

Certiorari was denied April 15, 2013, however it is expected that the SCOTUS will hear a case like it, as the Circuit Courts are divided in their opinions on the issue of public handgun carry permit policies. Woollard v. Sheridan, initially decided in favor of a plaintiff seeking to renew a Maryland CCW permit, was overturned on appeal by the Fourth Circuit along similar reasoning as the Second Circuit's here, while Moore v. Madigan, a case challenging Illinois' no-issue permitting policy, was decided in favor of the Plaintiffs and subsequently upheld by the Seventh Circuit. The 4th Circuit Court of Appeals erroneously used "Intermediate Scrutiny" instead of the correct "Strict Scrutiny" standards of review, necessary to protect all lawful Americans' rights of self-defense by use and carriage of guns to protect themselves from criminals and others who may do them harm, or hurt or kill their families or neighbors. UPDATE: The 4th Circuit has recognized their error in the improper use of scrutiny and REMANDED the case to the District Court with instruction to use "Strict Scrutiny" of their decision. This was a 3-Judge Panel Order to which the District Court asked for an en-banc ruling by the Appellate Court, which was GRANTED. The Full Court will hear the case in May, 2016.