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The Juyan Lake (Chinese: 居延海; Wade–Giles: Chüyen Hai; Mongolian: Gashuun Nuur (shown on Chinese maps as 嘎顺淖尔 Gāshùn nào'ěr or 嘎顺诺尔, Gāshùn nuò'ěr) for western lake, Sogo Nuur for eastern lake) is a former lake in the Gobi desert. It is located in the western part of Inner Mongolia, in Ejin Banner of the Alxa League, near the border with Outer Mongolia. Goshun Nur had an area of 267 km2 (103 sq mi) in 1958, of 213 km2 (82 sq mi) in 1960, and has dried up in 1961. The eastern lake reappeared in 2005. As of August 2012, the area of the lake is 38 km2 (15 sq mi).
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Map of Gaxun Nur, Ejin, Alxa, China
The Juyan Lake basin is a rare wetland located in a desert. It covers an area of about 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi). The Juyan lake is one of three former terminal lakes located at the outer edges of the Heihe River ('Black River') catchment which formed a large inland delta between the Qilian and the Gobi Altay. The Heihe River is also known as the Ruo Shui (Chinese: 弱水, literally: "weak river"), also Etsin Gol or Ruo He or Ejin River.
The basin's boundary is formed by the Mazong Shan mountains to the west, the Heli Shan and Longshou Shan mountains to the south, the Helan Mountains and Lang Shan ranges to the east and the Mongolian Gobi Altay range to the north.
History
The basin played an important role in ancient times and was historically part of the Hexi Corridor between the 2nd century BC to the 8th century AD.
"This territory, called Juyan by the Han Chinese, was maintained and garrisoned by the empire from the time of Emperor Wu until the last century of Later Han. Militarily, the outpost of the Great Wall was important for two reasons: as a supply point for the garrisons in the northwest and, perhaps more significant, as a means to deny this prosperous region to the northern nomads. Left undefended, Juyan would have provided an ideal route for attack against the Chinese commanderies of the corridor itself.
During Former Han, therefore, the Zhelu Zhang (Fortress to Block the Enemy), had been constructed by the marshes of the Edsin Gol, and it was from this base, for example, that the general Li Ling went forth on his disastrous attack against the Xiongnu in 99 BC.
In fiction
The science fiction series Perry Rhodan features the rocket-shuttle Stardust returning from the Moon in 1971 with alien technology, landing near the point where the Ejin River (called Edsengol) flows into the Juyan Lake (called Goshunsee, i.e. Goshun Lake), not far from the real-life Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. The area, in which Earth's later capital Terrania is built, remains a central location in the series.