Name John Stoughton | ||
John Stoughton (1593?–1639) was an English clergyman, of influential millennial views.
Contents
Origin and religious background
John Stoughton, baptized at Naughton, Suffolk in 1593, was one of the three sons of the clergyman Thomas Stoughton (c.1557–c.1622), and his wife, Katherine. Thomas Stoughton, the father, was born in Sandwich, Kent and studied at the University of Cambridge, matriculating in 1573 and graduating B.A. in 1576/7 and M.A. 1580 from Queen's College. Following his ordination in the chapel of the Bishop of Lincoln in his palace at Buckden, Huntingdonshire in 1582, he became Rector of Naughton from 1586 to 1594. During this time his first children, including John and Thomas, were born. Involved with the Conference of reformed ministers at Dedham, Essex, he served as assistant minister at Great Burstead, Essex before being presented by Baron Rich to the Vicarage of Coggeshall, Essex in 1600. By 1603, when his wife Katherine died, she had borne him twelve children, of whom a further son Israel and four daughters reached adulthood. As one not conforming to the Anglican formulae he was deprived by High Commission of his living in 1606: Ralph Cudworth, of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, was instituted Perpetual Vicar in his place at the presentation of Baron Rich, and held it for two years. After some time at Great Totham Stoughton returned to Kent and died there in 1622.
Life
John Stoughton reached university age while his father was still in East Anglia, and entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge in 1607, where he was tutored by William Sancroft. Graduating B.A. in 1611 and M.A. in 1614, he was elected a Fellow of the college in 1616. His ordination as priest is probably that recorded in December 1617, performed by Samuel Harsnett: he attained B.D. in 1621. In 1624 the College living of Aller, in Somerset, became vacant by the death of Dr. Ralph Cudworth, who had resigned his own fellowship to marry and settle in the Rectory there in 1610. John Stoughton succeeded him as Rector in 1624 and married his widow Mary (née Machell), as stepfather taking in hand the education of her young sons and daughters.
He was considered a preacher of unusual eloquence. Two notable sermons given by him in 1624, reflecting political circumstances of the time, concern the theme of marriage. Early in 1623/24 he preached at Paul's Cross in London The Love-Sick Spouse, on a text of lament from the Canticles interpreted to signify the separation of Christ from His true Church. The Song of Solomon was a rich source for contemporary theological exegesis directed against the threat to protestantism posed by royal marital alliance with Roman Catholic Spain or France. Stoughton quoted many classical and patristic sources in his exposition. About ten months later, in The Happinesse of Peace preached during a royal visitation to Cambridge, he spoke to like point before a courtly audience which cannot have missed his meaning. He became Doctor of Divinity in 1626.
In 1630 Stoughton's two brothers Thomas (by then married and with a family) and Israel Stoughton were among the emigrants in the sailing of the Mary and John of London to New England, arranged by John White of Dorchester, Dorset to found the town of Dorchester, Boston, in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Under Dr Stoughton's instruction his stepchildren flourished, and he thought Ralph Cudworth (junr.) 'as wel grounded in Schol-Learning as any Boy of his Age that went to the University', when commencing his studies at Emmanuel College in 1632. In that year Dr. Stoughton left Aller and was appointed curate and preacher in the City of London church of St Mary Aldermanbury, a strong focus of Puritanism, in the place of Thomas Taylor. The diarist Samuel Rogers was stirred by his preaching. In October 1632 John Winthrop and John Wilson, hearing of his favour for spreading the Gospel in New England, wrote from Boston inviting him to take up his ministry there.
At Aller Dr. Stoughton maintained or developed associations with Sir Thomas and Lady Margaret Wroth of Petherton Park, who were highly active in colonial enterprises in North America. Lady Margaret, cousin of Robert Rich and sister of Sir Nathaniel Rich, had witnessed the elder Dr. Cudworth's deathbed testament, and was probably a near relation of Dr. Stoughton's wife. Stoughton remained in London, but in 1634 his eldest stepson James Cudworth emigrated permanently to Scituate, Plymouth Colony. Soon after arriving he wrote at length to his stepfather thanking him for the thorough religious education received from him. Mary Stoughton died at about this time, and in January 1635/36 Dr. Stoughton remarried to Jane, daughter of John Browne of Frampton, Dorset, a close associate of John White of Dorchester. Three months later Elizabeth Cudworth, sister of James and Ralph, married the Rutland clergyman Josias Beacham.
His numerous correspondents included John Forbes, John Winthrop, Stephen Marshall, Samuel Ward and William Sancroft. During the 1630s he came under suspicion from the authorities, and his mail was raided and confiscated. A somewhat incriminating letter intercepted from Sir Thomas Wroth caused particular difficulties. In 1635 he was brought before William Juxon, Bishop of London, with John Goodwin and Sidrach Simpson for suspected nonconformity. He was caught up in the investigation of John White, involving also Henry Whitfield, over their uses of money collected for ministry in New England. With the support of Sir Robert Harley and other patrons Stoughton managed to escape serious consequences.
In around 1635 Dr. Stoughton became a friend of Samuel Hartlib, and some letters survive. Stoughton's millennial pamphlet Felicitas ultimi saeculi was taken to Hungary in 1638 by John Tolnai, a contact of Comenius. It was intended for György Rákóczi. Two years later, after Stoughton's death, Hartlib published the pamphlet with Stoughton's covering letter. Hugh Trevor-Roper comments on the language of inauguration of international Protestantism in this work, centred on Comenius, Francis Bacon and John Dury. In his last months, Ralph Cudworth sought his father's guidance in the question of a possible college fellowship. Dr. Stoughton died in May 1639 making his wife Jane and her father John Browne his executors, with legacies to his wife and their two daughters, and gifts of £25 each to Emmanuel College and to 'Mr Hartlipp a Dutchman'.
Family
John Stoughton married first (c.1624) Mary Machell, widow of Dr Ralph Cudworth senr (Rector of Aller c. 1610-1624), by whom he had no issue. He married secondly (18 Jan. 1635/36) Jane Browne (widow of Walter Newburgh, Rector of Symondsbury, Dorset 1624-31), by whom he had two daughters, Jane and Marie Stoughton.
In New England, John's brother Thomas Stoughton (1588-1661) was among the group which left Dorchester, Massachusetts to establish the town of Windsor in the Connecticut River Valley in 1635. His brother Israel Stoughton (c.1603-1644) was a co-worker with John Endicott in Massachusetts Colony, and Israel's son William Stoughton (1631-1701), John Stoughton's nephew, lived to be chief magistrate at the Salem witch trials of 1692-93.
James Cudworth (1612-1682), of Scituate, Massachusetts, strongly disapproved of the religious persecutions against Quakers during the later 1650s, and stood out against their treatment. He became an Assistant Governor of Massachusetts and a Commissioner of the United Colonies.
In Old England, Ralph Cudworth (1617-1688) became a leading philosopher and theologian among the Cambridge Platonists, Regius Professor of Hebrew, and Master of Christ's College, Cambridge: he was the father of Lady Damaris Cudworth Masham, the friend of John Locke.
Published works
Dr. Stoughton's sermons and other works were mostly published in the year after his death, and were edited by Anthony Burgess.