Janet basis

Generating a Janet basis

Any system of linear homogeneous pde's is highly non-unique, e.g. an arbitrary linear combination of its elements may be added to the system without changing its solution set. A priori it is not known whether it has any nontrivial solutions. More generally, the degree of arbitrariness of its general solution is not known, i.e. how many undetermined constants or functions it may contain. These questions were the starting point of Janet's work; he considered systems of linear pde's in any number of dependent and independent variables and generated a normal form for them. Here mainly linear pde's in the plane with the coordinates x and y will be considered; the number of unknown functions is one or two. Most results described here may be generalized in an obvious way to any number of variables or functions. In order to generate a unique representation for a given system of linear pde's, at first a ranking of its derivatives must be defined.

Definition A ranking of derivatives is a total ordering such that for any two derivatives δ , δ 1 and δ 2 , and any derivation operator θ the relations δ ≤ θ δ and δ 1 ≤ δ 2 → δ δ 1 ≤ δ δ 2 are valid.

A derivative δ 2 is called higher than δ 1 if δ 2 > δ 1 . The highest derivative in an equation is called its leading derivative. For the derivatives up to order two of a single function z depending on x and y with x > y two possible order are

the L E X order z x x > z x y > z x > z y y > z y > z and the G R L E X order z x x > z x y > z y y > z x > z y > z .

Here the usual notation ∂ x z = z x , ∂ y z = z y , … is used. If the number of functions is higher than one, these orderings have to be generalized appropriately, e.g. the orderings T O P or P O T may be applied. The first basic operation to be applied in generating a Janet basis is the reduction of an equation e 1 w.r.t. another one e 2 . In colloquial terms this means the following: Whenever a derivative of e 1 may be obtained from the leading derivative of e 2 by suitable differentiation, this differentiation is performed and the result is subtracted from e 1 . Reduction w.r.t. a system of pde's means reduction w.r.t. all elements of the system. A system of linear pde's is called autoreduced if all possible reductions have been performed.

The second basic operation for generating a Janet basis is the inclusion of integrability conditions. They are obtained as follows: If two equations e 1 and e 2 are such that by suitable differentiations two new equations may be obtained with like leading derivatives, by cross-multiplication with its leading coefficients and subtraction of the resulting equations a new equation is obtained, it is called an integrability condition. If by reduction w.r.t. the remaining equations of the system it does not vanish it is included as a new equation to the system.

It may be shown that repeating these operations always terminates after a finite number of steps with a unique answer which is called the Janet basis for the input system. Janet has organized them in terms of the following algorithm.

Janet's Algorithm Given a system of linear differential polynomials S ≡ { e 1 , e 2 , … } , the Janet basis corresponding to S is returned.

S1: (Autoreduction) Assign S := Autoreduce ⁡ ( S ) S2: (Completion) Assign S := CompleteSystem ⁡ ( S ) S3: (Integrability conditions) Find all pairs of leading terms v i of e i and v j of e j such that differentiation w.r.t. a nonmultiplier x i k and multipliers x j 1 , … , x j l leads to

and determine the integrability conditions

S4: (Reduction of integrability conditions). For all c i , j assign c i , j := Reduce ⁡ ( c i , j , S ) S5: (Termination?) If all c i , j are zero return S , otherwise make the assignment S := S ∪ { c i , j | c i , j ≠ 0 } , reorder S properly and goto S1

Here A u t o r e d u c e is a subalgorithm that returns its argument with all possible reductions performed, C o m p l e t i o n adds certain equations to the system in order to facilitate determining the integrability conditions. To this end the variables are divides into multipliers and non-multipliers; details may be found in the above references. Upon successful termination a Janet basis for the input system will be returned.

Example 1 Let the system { e 1 ≡ z x y − x 2 y 2 z x − x − y y 2 z = 0 , e 2 ≡ z x + 1 x z y + x z = 0 } be given with ordering G R L E X and x > y . Step S1 returns the autoreduced system

{ e 3 ≡ z y y + 1 y 2 ( x y 3 − x 2 − y ) z y − 1 y ( x 3 − x + y ) z = 0 , e 2 = z x + 1 y z y + x z = 0 } .

Steps S3 and S4 generate the integrability condition c 3 , 2 ≡ ∂ e 3 ∂ x − ∂ 2 e 2 ∂ y 2 and reduces it to z = 0 , i.e. the Janet basis for the originally given system is { z = 0 } with the trivial solution z = 0 .

The next example involves two unknown functions w and z , both depending on x and y .

Example 2 Consider the system

{ f 1 ≡ w x x − 2 z x y − 1 2 x w x + 1 2 x 2 w = 0 , f 2 ≡ w x y − 1 2 z y y − 1 2 x w y − 6 x 2 z x ,

in G R L E X , w > z , x > y ordering. The system is already autoreduced, i.e. step S1 returns it unchanged. Step S3 generates the two integrability conditions

Upon reduction in step S4 they are

In step S5 they are included into the system and the algorithms starts again with step S1 with the extended system. After a few more iterations finally the Janet basis

is obtained. It yields the general solution z = C 1 − C 2 x , w = 2 C 2 y with two undetermined constants C 1 and C 2 .

Janet's algorithm has been implemented in Maple

an implementation is also available on the website www.alltypes.de.

Application of Janet bases

The most important application of a Janet basis is its use for deciding the degree of indeterminacy of a system of linear homogeneous partial differential equations. The answer in the above Example 1 is that the system under consideration allows only the trivial solution. In the second Example 2 a two-dimensional solution space is obtained. In general, the answer may be more involved, there may be infinitely many free constants in the general solution; they may be obtained from the Loewy decomposition of the respective Janet basis. Furthermore, the Janet basis of a module allows to read off a Janet basis for the syzygy module