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Articles in economics journals are usually classified according to the JEL classification codes, a system originated by the Journal of Economic Literature. The JEL is published quarterly by the American Economic Association (AEA) and contains survey articles and information on recently published books and dissertations. The AEA maintains EconLit, a searchable data base of citations for articles, books, reviews, dissertations, and working papers classified by JEL codes for the years from 1969. A recent addition to EconLit is indexing of economics-journal articles from 1886 to 1968 parallel to the print series Index of Economic Articles.
Contents
- General economics and teaching JEL A Subcategories
- History of economic thought methodology and heterodox approaches JEL B Subcategories
- Mathematical and quantitative methods JEL C Subcategories
- Microeconomics JEL D Subcategories
- Macroeconomics and monetary economics JEL E Subcategories
- International economics JEL F Subcategories
- Financial economics JEL G Subcategories
- Public economics JEL H Subcategories
- Health education and welfare JEL I Subcategories
- Labor and demographic economics JEL J Subcategories
- Law and economics JEL K Subcategories
- Industrial organization JEL L Subcategories
- Business administration and business economics marketing accounting JEL M Subcategories
- Economic history JEL N Subcategories
- Economic development technological change and growth JEL O Subcategories
- Economic systems JEL P Subcategories
- Agricultural and natural resource economics environmental and ecological economics JEL Q Subcategories
- Urban rural and regional economics JEL R Subcategories
- Miscellaneous categories economics JEL Y Subcategories
- Other special topics economics JEL Z Subcategories
- References
There are 20 primary JEL categories:
Each JEL primary category has secondary and tertiary subcategories, for example, under JEL: D – Microeconomics:
JEL: D1 – Household Behavior and Family EconomicsJEL code (sub)categories, including periodic updates, are referenced at Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) Classification System. Links to definitions of (sub)categories are at JEL Classification Codes Guide with corresponding examples of article titles linked to publication information, such as abstracts.
Articles in economics journals also list JEL codes (for example JEL: B12), facilitating their use across search engines. Comprehensive uses of JEL (sub)classifications include:
• The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2008, v. 8, Appendix IV, pp. 854–69, and for the online version by drilling to the primary, secondary, or tertiary JEL code of interest here and pressing the Search button below it for article-preview links .• National Bureau of Economic Research Working Papers abstracts by year via links• Research Papers in Economics via links.General economics and teaching JEL: A Subcategories
Category:Economics
JEL: A1 – General Economics
JEL: A2 – Economic Education and Teaching of Economics
JEL: A3 – Collective Works
History of economic thought, methodology, and heterodox approaches JEL: B Subcategories
JEL: B0 – General
JEL: B1 – History of Economic Thought through 1925
JEL: B2 – History of Economic Thought since 1925
JEL: B3 – History of Thought: Individuals
JEL: B4 – Economic methodology
JEL: B5 – Current Heterodox Approaches
Mathematical and quantitative methods JEL: C Subcategories
Category:Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)
JEL: C0 – General
JEL: C1 – Econometric and Statistical Methods: General
JEL: C2 – Econometric methods: Single equation models;Single variables
JEL: C3 – Econometric Methods: Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models
JEL: C4 – Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics
JEL: C5 – Econometric Modeling
JEL: C6 – Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling
JEL: C7 – Game theory and Bargaining theory
JEL: C8 – Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs
JEL: C9 – Design of experiments
Microeconomics JEL: D Subcategories
Category:Microeconomics
JEL: D0 – General
JEL: D1 – Household Behavior and Family Economics
JEL: D2 – Production and Organizations
JEL: D3 – Distribution
JEL: D4 – Market structure and pricing
JEL: D5 – General equilibrium and Disequilibrium
JEL: D6 – Welfare economics
JEL: D7 – Analysis of Collective Decision-Making
JEL: D8 – Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty
JEL: D9 – Intertemporal choice and Growth
Macroeconomics and monetary economics JEL: E Subcategories
JEL: E – Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
JEL: E0 – General
JEL: E1 – General Aggregative Models
JEL: E2 – Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment
JEL: E3 – Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
JEL: E4 – Money and Interest Rates
JEL: E5 – Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
JEL: E6 – Macroeconomic Policy Formation, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, Macroeconomic Policy, and General Outlook
International economics JEL: F Subcategories
Category:International economics
JEL: F – International Economics
JEL: F0 – General
JEL: F1 – Trade
JEL: F2 – International Factor Movements and International Business
JEL: F3 – International Finance
JEL: F4 – Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
JEL: F5 – International Relations and International Political Economy
Financial economics JEL: G Subcategories
Category:Financial economics
JEL: G – Financial Economics
JEL: G0 – General
JEL: G1 – General Financial Markets
JEL: G2 – Financial institutions and Services
JEL: G3 – Corporate finance and Governance
Public economics JEL: H Subcategories
Category:Public economics
JEL: H – Public Economics
JEL: H0 – General
JEL: H1 – Structure and Scope of Government
JEL: H2 – Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
JEL: H3 – Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents
JEL: H4 – Publicly provided goods
JEL: H5 – National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
JEL: H6 – National Budget, Deficit, and Debt
JEL: H7 – State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations
JEL: H8 – Miscellaneous Issues
Health, education, and welfare JEL: I Subcategories
JEL: I – Health, Education, and Welfare
JEL: I0 – General
JEL: I1 – Health
JEL: I2 – Education
JEL: I3 – Welfare and Poverty
Labor and demographic economics JEL: J Subcategories
Category:Labor and demographic economics
JEL: J – Labor and Demographic Economics
Category:Labor
Category:Demographic economics
JEL: J0 – General
JEL: J1 – Demographic Economics
JEL: J2 – Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination and Creation; Human capital
JEL: J3 – Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
JEL: J4 – Particular Labor Markets
JEL: J5 – Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining
JEL: J6 – Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies
JEL: J7 – Labor Discrimination
JEL: J8 – Labor Standards: National and International
Law and economics JEL: K Subcategories
Category:Law and economics
JEL: K – Law and Economics
JEL: K0 – General
JEL: K1 – Basic Areas of Law
JEL: K2 – Regulation and Business Law
Intermediate edit, cont.:
JEL: K3 – Other Substantive Areas of Law
JEL: K4 – Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior
Industrial organization JEL: L Subcategories
Category:Industrial organization
JEL: L – Industrial Organization
JEL: L0 – General
JEL: L1 – Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance
JEL: L2 – Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior
JEL: L3 – Non-profit organizations and Public enterprise
JEL: L4 – Antitrust Issues and Policies
JEL: L5 – Regulation and Industrial policy
JEL: L6 – Industry Studies: Manufacturing
JEL: L7 – Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction
JEL: L8 – Industry Studies: Services
JEL: L9 – Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities
Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting JEL: M Subcategories
Category:Business
JEL: M – Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting
JEL: M0 – General
JEL: M1 – Business Administration
JEL: M2 – Business Economics
JEL: M3 – Marketing and Advertising
JEL: M4 – Accounting and Auditing
JEL: M5 – Personnel economics
Economic history JEL: N Subcategories
Category:Economic history
JEL: N – Economic History
JEL: N0 – General
JEL: N1 – Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations
JEL: N2 – Financial Markets and Institutions
JEL: N3 – Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Income, and Wealth
JEL: N4 – Government, War, Law, and Regulation
JEL: N5 – Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries
JEL: N6 – Manufacturing and Construction
JEL: N7 – Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services
JEL: N8 – Micro-Business History
JEL: N9 – Regional and Urban History
Economic development, technological change, and growth JEL: O Subcategories
Category:Economic development, technological change, and growth
JEL: O – Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth
JEL: O1 – Economic development
JEL: O2 – Development Planning and Policy
JEL: O3 – Technological Change; Research and Development
JEL: O4 – Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
JEL: O5 – Economywide Country Studies
Economic systems JEL: P Subcategories
Category:Economic systems
JEL: P – Economic Systems
JEL: P0 – General
JEL: P1 – Capitalist Systems
JEL: P2 – Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies
JEL: P3 – Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions
JEL: P4 – Other Economic Systems
JEL: P5 – Comparative Economic Systems
Agricultural and natural resource economics; environmental and ecological economics JEL: Q Subcategories
Category:Resource economics
JEL: Q – Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics
JEL: Q0 – General
JEL: Q1 – Agriculture
JEL: Q2 – Renewable Resources and Conservation
JEL: Q3 – Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation
JEL: Q4 – Energy
JEL: Q5 – Environmental economics
Urban, rural, and regional economics JEL: R Subcategories
Category:Urban, rural, and regional economics
JEL: R – Urban, Rural, and Regional economics
JEL: R0 – General
JEL: R1 – General Regional economics
JEL: R2 – Household Analysis
JEL: R3 – Production Analysis and Firm Location
JEL: R4 – Transportation Systems
JEL: R5 – Regional Government Analysis
Miscellaneous categories (economics) JEL: Y Subcategories
JEL: Y1 – Data: Tables and Charts
JEL: Y2 – Introductory Material
JEL: Y3 – Book Reviews (unclassified)
JEL: Y4 – Dissertations (unclassified)
JEL: Y5 – Further Reading (unclassified)
JEL: Y6 – Excerpts
JEL: Y6 – No Author General Discussions
JEL: Y8 – JEL: Related Disciplines
JEL: Y9 – Other
Other special topics (economics) JEL: Z Subcategories
JEL: Z – Other special topics
JEL: Z0 – General
JEL: Z1 – Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology