In statistics, the concept of being an invariant estimator is a criterion that can be used to compare the properties of different estimators for the same quantity. It is a way of formalising the idea that an estimator should have certain intuitively appealing qualities. Strictly speaking, "invariant" would mean that the estimates themselves are unchanged when both the measurements and the parameters are transformed in a compatible way, but the meaning has been extended to allow the estimates to change in appropriate ways with such transformations. The term equivariant estimator is used in formal mathematical contexts that include a precise description of the relation of the way the estimator changes in response to changes to the dataset and parameterisation: this corresponds to the use of "equivariance" in more general mathematics.
Contents
Background
In statistical inference, there are several approaches to estimation theory that can be used to decide immediately what estimators should be used according to those approaches. For example, ideas from Bayesian inference would lead directly to Bayesian estimators. Similarly, the theory of classical statistical inference can sometimes lead to strong conclusions about what estimator should be used. However, the usefulness of these theories depends on having a fully prescribed statistical model and may also depend on having a relevant loss function to determine the estimator. Thus a Bayesian analysis might be undertaken, leading to a posterior distribution for relevant parameters, but the use of a specific utility or loss function may be unclear. Ideas of invariance can then be applied to the task of summarising the posterior distribution. In other cases, statistical analyses are undertaken without a fully defined statistical model or the classical theory of statistical inference cannot be readily applied because the family of models being considered are not amenable to such treatment. In addition to these cases where general theory does not prescribe an estimator, the concept of invariance of an estimator can be applied when seeking estimators of alternative forms, either for the sake of simplicity of application of the estimator or so that the estimator is robust.
The concept of invariance is sometimes used on its own as a way of choosing between estimators, but this is not necessarily definitive. For example, a requirement of invariance may be incompatible with the requirement that the estimator be mean-unbiased; on the other hand, the criterion of median-unbiasedness is defined in terms of the estimator's sampling distribution and so is invariant under many transformations.
One use of the concept of invariance is where a class or family of estimators is proposed and a particular formulation must be selected amongst these. One procedure is to impose relevant invariance properties and then to find the formulation within this class that has the best properties, leading to what is called the optimal invariant estimator.
Some classes of invariant estimators
There are several types of transformations that are usefully considered when dealing with invariant estimators. Each gives rise to a class of estimators which are invariant to those particular types of transformation.
The combination of permutation invariance and location invariance for estimating a location parameter from an independent and identically distributed dataset using a weighted average implies that the weights should be identical and sum to one. Of course, estimators other than a weighted average may be preferable.
Optimal invariant estimators
Under this setting, we are given a set of measurements
The problem is to estimate
In classification
In statistical classification, the rule which assigns a class to a new data-item can be consider to be a special type of estimator. A number of invariance-type considerations can be brought to bear in formulating prior knowledge for pattern recognition.
Definition
An invariant estimator is an estimator which obeys the following two rules:
- Principle of Rational Invariance: The action taken in a decision problem should not depend on transformation on the measurement used
- Invariance Principle: If two decision problems have the same formal structure (in terms of
X ,Θ ,f ( x | θ ) andL ), then the same decision rule should be used in each problem.
To define an invariant or equivariant estimator formally, some definitions related to groups of transformations are needed first. Let
- If
g 1 ∈ G andg 2 ∈ G theng 1 g 2 ∈ G - If
g ∈ G theng − 1 ∈ G , whereg − 1 ( g ( x ) ) = x . (That is, each transformation has an inverse within the group.) -
e ∈ G (i.e. there is an identity transformatione ( x ) = x )
Datasets
A family of densities
If
In the above,
An estimation problem is invariant(equivariant) under
For an estimation problem that is invariant under
Properties
- The risk function of an invariant estimator,
δ , is constant on orbits ofΘ . EquivalentlyR ( θ , δ ) = R ( g ¯ ( θ ) , δ ) for allθ ∈ Θ andg ¯ ∈ G ¯ - The risk function of an invariant estimator with transitive
g ¯
For a given problem, the invariant estimator with the lowest risk is termed the "best invariant estimator". Best invariant estimator cannot always be achieved. A special case for which it can be achieved is the case when
Example: Location parameter
Suppose
thus it is of the form
In the case that L is the squared error
Pitman estimator
The estimation problem is that
The best invariant estimator
and this is Pitman's estimator (1939).
For the squared error loss case, the result is
If
If
with