Kingdom Animalia Order Anura Scientific name Incilius Rank Genus Clutch size Golden toad: 230 | Phylum Chordata Family Bufonidae Higher classification True toad Length Golden toad: 5 cm | |
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Lower classifications Golden toad, Gulf Coast toad, Incilius coccifer, Incilius coniferus, Incilius mazatlanensis | ||
Bufo incilius nebulifer gulf coast toad calling
Incilius is genus of toads in the true toad family, Bufonidae. They are sometimes known as the Central American toads or Middle American toads and are found in southern USA, Mexico, Central America, and northern Pacific South America (Colombia and Ecuador). They are an ecologically and biogeographically diverse group of toads, including micro-endemic species such as Incilius spiculatus that are restricted to undisturbed cloud forests, and widespread lowland species such as Incilius valliceps that predominantly occur in disturbed habitats.
Contents
- Bufo incilius nebulifer gulf coast toad calling
- Incilius coniferus green climbing toad
- Taxonomy and systematics
- Species
- References
Incilius coniferus green climbing toad
Taxonomy and systematics
Taxonomy and systematics of Incilius has seen many recent changes. Current delineation of the genus was achieved by 2011 when both Cranopsis/Ollotis and Crepidius/Crepidophryne had been brought into synonymy with Incilius. However, the monophyly of Incilius is threatened by Incilius bocourti, which might be the sister taxon of Anaxyrus.
Another discussion has been the taxonomic level at which the genus is recognized. Incilius did not see wide recognition before the large-scale revision of amphibian systematics by Darrel Frost and colleagues in 2006, then under the name Cranopsis, including the former "Bufo valliceps group" and some related species. However, others have argued that Incilius should be treated as a subgenus of Bufo, a position that several researchers still maintain.
Species
There are at present 40 species:
