The inanimate whose refers to the use in English of the relative pronoun whose with non-personal antecedents, as in: "That's the car whose alarm keeps waking us up at night." The construction is also known as the whose inanimate, non-personal whose, and neuter whose.
Contents
The use of the inanimate whose dates from the 15th century, but since the 18th century has drawn criticism from those who consider whose to be the genitive (possessive) only of the relative pronoun who and therefore believe it should be restricted to personal antecedents. Critics of inanimate whose prefer constructions such as those using of which the, which others find clumsy or overly formal.
Usage
Users of the inanimate whose employ it as a relative pronoun with non-personal antecedents, as in:
Those who avoid using whose with non-personal antecedents assert that it is the genitive (possessive) of only the relative pronoun who. They employ alternatives such as of which the, as in:
orThose who object to this use of of which the find it clunky or overly formal.
The inanimate whose is restricted to the relative pronoun; English speakers do not use whose as an non-personal interogative possessive: the whose in "Whose car is this?" can refer only to a person.
Etymology and history
The Old English genitive of the neuter pronoun hwæt ("what") was hwæs, which later evolved as whose into the genitive of which. The first recorded instance of inanimate whose occurs in 1479. It appears repeatedly in the King James Version of the Bible and in the writing of Shakespeare, Milton, and others.
Old English had grammatical gender, and pronouns agreed with the grammatical gender of the nouns they referred to, regardless of the gender of what was referred to. For example, the Old English wīf ("wife") was nueter and referred to with the pronoun hit ("it"), and wīfmann ("woman") was masculine and referred to with the pronoun he ("he"). English lost grammatical gender during the late Middle Ages, and the pronouns he and she came to refer to animate subjects of male and female biological gender, and it came to refer to inaminamte subjects. The American philologist George Perkins Marsh posited that this animate—inanimate distinction led to an eventual discomfort with using whose to refer to both.
In some dialects thats has arisen as a colloquial genitive relative pronoun for non-personal antecedents, as in:
Grammars and style guides
The earliest known objections to the inanimate who date from the late 18th century. In 1764, the English grammarian Robert Lowth disapproved of the inanimate whose except in "the higher Poetry, which loves to consider everything as bearing a personal character". The English James Buchanan in his Regular English syntax of 1767 considered inanimate whose and incorrect construction that occurs "in the lower kind of poetry and prose", but accepted it for personification in "solemn poetry". In his Plain and Complete Grammar of 1772, Anselm Bayly accepted use of the inanimate whose. The English grammarian Joseph Priestley wrote that whose "may be said to be the genitive of which", but objected to such use in the 3rd edition of The Rudiments of English Grammar in 1772: "The word whose begins likewise to be restricted to persons, but it is not done so generally but that good writers, and even in prose, use it when speaking of things. I do not think, however, that the construction is generally pleasing."
In the 6th edition of his Dictionary of the English Language (1785), Samuel Johnson considered whose "rather the poetic than the regular genitive of which". The American grammarian Lindley Murray wrote of the inanimate whose in his English Grammar of 1795, but his position on it is uncertain; he reprinted Priestly's opinion but also stated: "By the use of this license, one word is substituted for three". Other grammarians soon thereafter pronounced their disapproval, including Noah Webster in 1798.
More grammarians continued such disapproval into the 19th century. T. O. Churchill declared in A New Grammar of the English Language of 1823 that "this practice is now discountenanced by all correct writers". The American philologist George Perkins Marsh stated in his Lectures on the English Language of 1860: "At present, the use of whose, the possessive of who, is pretty generally confined to persons, or things personified, and we should scruple to say, 'I passed a house whose windows were open.' This is a modern, and indeed by no means yet fully established distinction." Henry Bradley in the Oxford English Dictionary asserted "usually replaced by of which, except where the latter would produce an intolerably clumsy form".
Other grammarians began noticing discrepancies between usage and the assertions of those who prescribed against the inanimate whose. The American Goold Brown, in his The Grammar of English Grammars of 1851, states that whose "is sometimes used to supply to place of the possessive case, otherwise wanting, to the relative which"; he cites a number of cases of its use and of those who prescribe against it and their rationales, and concludes: "Grammarians would perhaps differ less, if they read more." In The Standard of Usage in English of 1908, the American literary historian Thomas Lounsbury asserted the inanimate whose "had been employed as a relative to antecedents denoting things without life by every author in our literature who is entitled to be called an authority". John Lesslie Hall published his research on the subject in his English Usage of 1917; he discovered over 1000 passages by about 140 authors from the 15th to the 20th centuries that used the inanimate whose, including use by those who had objected to it or declared its use rare. Hall considered "authors that avoid whose ... a small minority" and that use of of which the in its place rare in spoken American English.
In his Dictionary of Modern English Usage of 1926, H. W. Fowler derided those who prescribed against the inanimate whose, writing: "in the starch that stiffens English style one of the most effective ingredients is the rule that whose shall refer only to persons"; he asserted it adds flexibility to style and proclaimed: "Let us, in the name of common sense, prohibit the prohibition of inanimate whose". The revised versions of the style guide by Robert Burchfield (1996) and Jeremy Butterfield (2015) called the avoidance of the inanimate whose a "folk-belief". In his Plain Words of 1954, Ernest Gowers calls the "grammarians' rule" that whose "must not be used of inanimate objects ... a cramping one, productive of ugly sentences and a temptation to misplaced commas". He states that "sensible writers have always ignored the rule, and sensible grammarians have now abandoned it".
A survey conducted by Sterling A. Leonard in 1932 found that respondents considered the use of inanimate whose established; Raymond D. Crisp replicated the survey in 1971 and found the respondents considered it disputable. Mary Vaiana Taylor reported in 1974 that two-thirds of post-secondary teaching assistants would mark the construction wrong on a student's paper.
Merriam–Webster's states that, as of the late 20th century, amongst "the current books" that discuss the subject, "not one of them finds [inanimate] whose anything but standard". It asserts the "notion that whose may not properly be used of anything except persons is a superstition" and such use is "entirely standard as an alternative to of which in all varieties of discourse". In Modern American Usage, Bryan A. Garner calls the inanimate whose "often an inescapable way of avoiding clumsiness". The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language emphasizes such "genitives ... are completely grammatical and by no means exceptional", with a note that "a number of usage manuals feel it necessary to point out that relative whose can have a non-personal antecedent: there are apparently some speakers who are inclined to think that it is restricted to personal antecedents".