Preceded by James G. Davidson Succeeded by Frank Swettenham Role Mountaineer | Name Hugh Low Religion Christian First ascents Mount Kinabalu | |
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Born 10 May 1824
Upper Clapton, United Kingdom ( 1824-05-10 ) Died April 18, 1905, Alassio, Italy Spouse Catherine Napier (m. 1848), Anne Douglas Books Sarawak: Its Inhabitants and Productions: Being Notes During a Residence in that Country with H. H. the Rajah Brooke | ||
Sir Hugh Low, GCMG (10 May 1824 – 18 April 1905) was a British colonial administrator and naturalist. After a long residence in various colonial roles in Labuan, he became the first successful British administrator in the Malay Peninsula where he made the first trials of Hevea rubber in the region. His methods became models for future administrators. He made the first documented ascent of Mount Kinabalu in 1851. Both Kinabalu's highest peak as well as the deep gully on the northern side of the mountain are named after him.
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Career
Low was born in Upper Clapton, England, the son of a Scottish horticulturist, also named Hugh. At an early age, he acquired botanical expertise working in the family nursery. At 20, his father sent him on a collecting expedition to South East Asia. He based himself in Singapore but soon joined James Brooke, the White Rajah, in Sarawak. In the months following he became well enough acquainted with interior of Sarawak to write a definitive book on it on his return home. In 1847, Brooke was appointed Governor of the recently established British colony of Labuan and Consul General of Borneo. He made Low his Colonial Secretary (1848-1850) and William Napier Esq., Lieutenant Governor. They, and Napier's daughter, Catherine, returned to the Far East in 1848; Low married Catherine when they reached Singapore. In Labuan Low acquired administrative experience, fluency in Malay and an enduring reputation as a naturalist, although he quarrelled with geologist/naturalist James Motley. He was Police Magistrate from 1850 to 1877. It was also from Labuan he made his three visits to Mount Kinabalu, the first in March 1851 and twice with Spenser St. John, the consul General of Brunei, in 1858.
In April 1877, Low was transferred to the Malay Peninsula and became the fourth Resident of Perak (1877 — 1889). By the terms of the Pangkor Treaty, the Resident was an adviser whose decision were binding in all matters except for custom or religion. The first Resident had been murdered in 1874, precipitating a war that left nearly all high-ranking Malay officials either dead or in exile. Low's appointment marked a return to civil authority.
In his first year (1877) he laid down the principle that in order to retain their right to the mining land that they owned, owners of mining land were obliged to see that their land was worked. Within eight years, he saw slavery abolished in the state. In 1885 he established the first railway line in the Malay Peninsula from Taiping to Port Weld (now Kuala Sepetang).
In his 12 years in Perak, Low firmly established a peaceful administration. He created a state council that included the principal Malay, Chinese and British leaders and was notably successful in making use of prominent local leaders at most levels of his administration.
For example, he cultivated the friendship of mining magnate Kapitan China (Chung Keng Quee) who was his confidant. Other Chinese miners in Perak were persuaded to use modern British mining equipment by first having Ah Quee experiment with them. So close was this relationship that when Ah Quee was criticized in an article published in Harpers Magazine in 1891, Sir Hugh wrote a letter to the editor to set the record straight.
He worked closely with Raja Yusef (the Raja Muda) and Raja Dris (later Sultan Idris) to restore order, pay off the state's debt of 800,000 Straits Dollars, and reestablish confidence in the British Residential system.
Apart from his administrative achievements, Low was also involved in the experimental planting and research on commercial tropical crops including rubber, coffee, black pepper and tea. Rubber cultivation in Malaysia began with Sir Hugh Low. In 1882 he planted rubber seeds and grew seven trees at the gardens at Kuala Kangsar. Low created a model rubber plantation in Malaya although this is sometimes mis-attributed to Henry Ridley who continued the work after a decade. Low also collected specimens of plants and butterflies from the region.
Low also helped set up the Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. For his contributions to the British Empire he was honored with the CMG in 1879, the in 1883 and the GCMG in 1889. He is often considered the first successful British administrator in the Malay Peninsula, whose methods became models for subsequent British colonial operation in the entire South East Asia Region.
During his time there was a controversy between James Innes, British magistrate in Selangor, and Sir Hugh Low, Resident of Perak, over the issue of debt-slavery in Malaya. Innes attempted to implicate Low, accusing him of abetting the practice of slavery in Perak when he was actually trying to abolish it.
Sir Hugh Low retired from his post as Resident of Perak in 1889, leaving a credit balance of 1.5 million Straits Dollars.
Low married Catherine Napier on 12 August 1848 at Singapore Cathedral (then St Andrew's Church). They had a son Hugh "Hugo" Brooke Low (born 1849) and a daughter Catherine "Kitty" Elizabeth Low (born 1850). The marriage ended with the death of Catherine somewhere in 1851 and the children were taken care of by their grandfather and uncle.
Low died on 18 April 1905 in Alassio, Italy.
Honours
Several species named to commemorate his work as collector, naturalist and orchidologist:
Plants
Orchids
Mammals
Insects
and places: