Headspace (firearms)

Cartridge types

The cartridge is said to be rimless if the extractor groove is machined into the head of the case so the rim is the same diameter as the adjacent part of the case. Most modern automatic firearms use rimless cartridges. Straight-walled rimless cartridges often headspace on the forward lip of the cartridge as shown in the diagram at the top of this article. This necessitates careful attention to consistent case length. Bottle-necked rimless cartridges may headspace on the conical shoulder between the narrow neck and the larger diameter portion of the case.

All small arms cartridges have a flange at the base of the case called a rim. The part of the firearm called an extractor claw hooks over the rim to extract the spent case from the chamber after it has been fired. The cartridge is said to be of a rimmed type when the rim is of larger diameter than the remainder of the case. Most early cartridges were rimmed, and the rim-stop ledge at the rear of the chamber prevents the cartridge from moving forward. Headspace for rimmed cartridges is the space between that forward ledge and the bolt face when the action is closed.

Some large rimless magnum cartridges have a belt formed above the extractor groove. This belt is of slightly larger diameter than the adjacent case, so the cartridge can headspace from the forward edge of the belt closest to the bullet. The original purpose of the belt was to give accurate headspacing for cartridges with shallow shoulder angles, where longitudinal precision of seating using such a shoulder presents difficulties. In effect this was similar to the headspacing function of a rim, but gave a long enough surface for cartridges to lie side-by-side in a magazine without risk of interference during the feed-stroke. The adoption of the belt as headspacing feature on rounds such as the .300 Holland & Holland Magnum appears to work and its derivatives ultimately started a fashion that resulted in most later Magnum rifle cartridges featuring belts.

Some more or less straight cartridges have no bottleneck to headspace on. Such cylindrical shaped cartridge cases use the case mouth (the forward end of a cartridge case) as a forward positioned flange used for headspacing.

There are four 'types' of headspace control to consider based on the case type used;

1. A rimless bottle necked case lacks a protruding rim or belt to headspace off of. This style of case relies on the sloping face of the case neck, to stop forward movement of the round within the chamber. It is from this circular conic section face, as a datum, that the distance to the bolt face is considered in measuring headspace. Examples include .308 Winchester, .223 Remington, and 7.92×57mm Mauser. This style is the most common in modern long arms, as the lack of protrusions allows for smoother feeding from box magazines, and the fact that it headspaces on the case shoulder rather than the case mouth means that exact overall case length is not as important as in straight walled cases, and heavy crimping can be used to fix the projectile tightly in the case mouth, to prevent movement of the bullet under heavy recoil (important for high-powered repeating weapons carrying more than one round). .Although called "rimless", these cases actually have a rim, but it is formed as part of the extractor groove, and is slightly larger, equal to or less than the diameter of the cartridge case itself, rather than being of a significantly wider diameter such as rimmed or belted cases.
2. For a rimmed case, where the rim extends beyond the diameter of the case, such as with .22 Long Rifle, .30-30 Winchester and .303 British for example, it is the forward or front face of the rim that is stopped by a ledge at the very rear of the chamber and it is from this forward datum to the face of the bolt that headspace is measured for rimmed ammunition. If the headspace equals the rim thickness, then no open space is available for the head of the case to move into as the case body, or shank, expands and contracts, thereby making it possibly difficult to extract the case after discharge. Competition target shooters will often carefully sort their empty cases by rim thickness into "lots" of similar size, as an aid to creating more accurate ammunition through consistent reloading, making each round as similar as is possible to each other. A rimmed case can have straight, tapered, or bottlenecked case walls.
3. A belted case has a raised band of greater thickness than the overall case width just in front of the extractor groove. It is the front face of this belt that is used to stop forward movement of the loaded cartridge against a ledge within the rear of the chamber working in a similar way to that of headspace datum for a rimmed case, only lacking the large rim than can interfere with proper feeding. Examples include .375 H&H Magnum, .300 Winchester Magnum and 7mm Remington Magnum. This cartridge case type was originally developed for large powerful cartridges, and has seen continued use, in spite of the belt being used more for tradition than for any real purpose.
4. A rimless straight walled case lacks a shoulder or tapered neck/case walls. This type is particularly popular for pistol ammunition (9×19mm Parabellum, .40 S&W, .45 ACP, etc.), although there are also a number of straight-walled rimless rifle cartridges (.50 Beowulf, .450 Bushmaster). Lacking a rim or a case neck to headspace off of, the straight walled rimless cartridge instead headspaces off of the case mouth, the forward rim of the case, where the thickness of the case wall fits around the bullet shank. This provides a slight ledge, similar to a belted case, only at the forward extremity of the case rather than at the rear. The chamber of the gun is bored out to the same diameter of the case, with a slight step down in size where the case ends. When chambered, the cartridge fits into the chamber until the case mouth is pressed against this step, preventing the cartridge from being inserted further. This ammunition type must not be roll crimped as the rounded edge of the case mouth will not engage safely with the stop ledge, this is why a light taper crimp is often used if considered necessary. Crimping around the case wall can also effect the overall length of the round, meaning that the headspacing will no longer be accurate; overall length must be kept within tight tolerances in this type of cartridge.

C.I.P. ammunition approval procedure and headspace

The standards organization Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives (Permanent International Commission for Firearms Testing - commonly abbreviated as C.I.P. or CIP) uses a rimless, rimmed, magnum, pistol and revolver and rimfire cartridges classification to differentiate between hundreds of different small arms chamberings. The dimensional checking of the ammunition, as described in the C.I.P. Decisions, Texts and Tables, is left to the manufacturers themselves. During C.I.P. ammunition approval headspace is not checked, even on rimless cartridges with taper. The view is that in the very unlikely case (according to the current quality standards) the cartridge is too long, once pressed by the bolt, the pressure will rise too high causing rejection. If it is too short, firing will fail also causing rejection.

Theory

A firearm cartridge case serves multiple functions. The most obvious role is to provide a container for the powder, bullet, and primer. Additionally though, upon firing, the expanding case seals the breech of the firearm to prevent burning powder gas from escaping rearward. Most cartridge cases are made of brass and expand under pressure to form a closed gas tight fit with the sides of the chamber, and then contract slightly so that the case remains loose and can be removed. Centerfire cartridge cases are thicker near the base to prevent expansion into openings between the rear end of the barrel and the action where the cartridge case is not fully enclosed or supported by the chamber.

When a firearm has more headspace than the cartridge design anticipated, the closing of the bolt or impact of the firing pin may move the cartridge forward to leave space between the chamber face of the action and the base of the cartridge. Pressure of burning powder gasses expands the thinner forward walls of the cartridge case to firmly grip against the sides of the chamber preventing rearward motion. The thicker base of the cartridge case (or sometimes the primer) may then be forced back into available space at the rear of the chamber, causing the case to stretch. Where rearward movement exceeds cartridge design, the primer may rupture or the base of the cartridge case may begin to separate from the forward walls. Either type of failure may release high pressure gas and case fragments from the action of the firearm. These may cause burns, cuts, or eye injury to the shooter or persons standing nearby.

Headspace is a critical consideration in any firearm. It should be checked by a competent person using the appropriate headspace gauges prior to using the firearm.

Headspace gauges

To gauge 'headspace' its meaning must first be understood. It is the space remaining between the case head and the bolt face when the bolt is closed thereby locking the breech. The cartridge case must find a surface to push up to, such as the forward lip of the chamber at the neck opening of the cartridge to but not such so as to be firmly or tightly bound so that expansion of the cartridge case cannot occur. It is the expansion and contraction characteristic, the springiness, of brass that makes it an ideal metal for use in firearm ammunition.

Go & No-Go gauges

Headspace is measured with a set of two headspace gauges; a "Go" gauge, and a "No-Go" gauge. Headspace gauges resemble the cartridges for the chambers they are designed to headspace, and are typically made of heat-treated tool steel. Both a "Go" and a "No-Go" gauge are required for a gunsmith to headspace a firearm properly.

A third gauge, the "Field" gauge, is used (as the name implies) in the field to indicate the absolute maximum safe headspace. This gauge is used because, over time, the bolt and receiver will wear, the bolt and lugs compress, and the receiver may stretch, all causing the headspace to gradually increase from the "factory specs" measured by the "go" and "no-go" gauges. A bolt that closes on "no-go" but not on "field" is close to being unsafe to fire, and may malfunction on cartridges that are slightly out of spec.

Headspace gauges are typically used by inserting the gauge into the bolt face engaging the extractor claw and then into the firearm chamber, and noting which gauge the bolt fully closes upon, and which it does not. The closing force applied to the bolt on a bolt-action firearm when making these assessments should be consistently and lightly applied; otherwise, an incorrect assessment of headspace will result if the bolt is forced close with excessive pressure.

The below table illustrates the function of each gauge:

Other cartridge dimensions

Headspace is not the only important cartridge dimension. Other dimensions like overall cartridge length and base diameter are also significant for proper fit of a cartridge into a firearm, and may be included as part of a headspace gauge. Cartridges very close to chamber dimensions generally offer superior accuracy, but slightly undersized cartridges load more smoothly and reliably under variable temperature conditions or when fouling accumulates in the chamber or cartridges become corroded.

A firearm chamber for rimmed ammunition will often have two small ledges or steps. One at the rear engages with the forward face of the rim, as the rim-stop. The other step in the front of the chamber accommodates the thickness of the case wall at the forward edge of the case neck where the projectile emerges as a close fit to the beginning of the bore, the throat or leade. If the case length is too long, then the bolt on closing pushes the case over the forward step of the chamber at the throat / leade and can crush or crimp the case around the projectile at the neck of the case, leading to all sorts of performance, pressure and safety problems.

Many target shooters who use rimmed ammunition, such as .303 British, will carefully sort the cases by headstamps into groups of the same make or batch, then gauge the thickness of the case rim into lots of the same, or very close, rim thickness. They then keep the fire-formed cases which are now optimised in shape to that firearm chamber, thereby increasing the accuracy potential by only having to resize the neck of the case and to trim-to-length so that the batch performance of the reloaded ammunition is as consistent as is possible from shot to shot. Some competition reloaders leave the primer slightly proud of the case by a known amount that is taken up when the bolt is locked home. This mechanical action on the center of the case base via the primer, as it is pushed a very small amount further into its cup, translates into an even distribution of pressure through the rim to the rim-stop. This also gives the advantage of the firing pin indenting the primer in a similar fashion from shot to shot as the primer cup is in direct contact with the bolt face. As with any reloading all care must be taken and manufacturer's recommendations followed.