Possible time of origin about 27,000 years BP | ||
Possible place of origin Central Asia, South Asia or Siberia. Ancestor P1 (P-M45), the only primary clade of P* (P-P295) Descendants R1 (R-M173), R2 (R-M479) (R2) Defining mutations M207/Page37/UTY2, CTS207/M600/PF5992, CTS2426/M661/PF6033, CTS2913/M667, CTS3229/M672/PF6036/YSC0001265, CTS3622/PF6037, CTS5815/M696, CTS6417/Y480, CTS7876/PF6052, CTS7880/M725/PF6053, CTS8311/M732, CTS9005/M741, CTS10663/M788, CTS11075/M795/P6078, CTS11647/Y369, F33/M603/PF6013, F63/M614/PF6016, F82/M620, F154/M636, F295/M685, F356/M703/PF5919, F370/M708/Y479, F459/Y482, F652/M805, F765, FGC1168, L248.3/M705.3, L747/M702/PF5918/YSC0000287, L760/M642/PF5877/YSC0000286, L1225/M789/YSC0000232, L1347/M792/PF6077/YSC0000233, M613, M628/PF5868, M651/Y296, M718, M734/PF6057/S4/YSC0000201, M760/Y506, M764/PF5953, M799, P224/PF6050, P227, P229/PF6019, P232, P280, P285, PF5938, PF6014/S9 (ISOGG 2016) | ||
Haplogroup R or R-M207, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is both numerous and widespread amongst modern populations.
Contents
Some descendant subclades are common throughout Europe, Central Asia and South Asia, and also common in parts of the West Asia, Africa and North America. Others are primarily from West Asia and South Asia.
Karafet et al (2014) and other researchers state that a "rapid diversification ... of K-M526 ... likely occurred in Southeast Asia" and was followed by the relatively rapid "westward expansion" of Haplogroup P-M45 (P1) – the immediate ancestor of both Haplogroups Q and R.
Origins
Haplogroup P1 (P-M45), the immediate ancestor of Haplogroup R, likely emerged in South East Asia. The SNP M207, which defines Haplogroup R, is believed to have arisen during the Upper Paleolithic era, about 27,000 years ago.
Only one confirmed example of basal R* has been found, in 24,000 year old remains, known as MA-1, found at Mal'ta near Lake Baikal in Siberia. While a living example of R-M207(xM17,M124) was reported in 2012, the sample of 158 ethnic Tajik males from Badakshan, Afghanistan were not tested for the SNP M478; the male concerned may therefore belong to R2*.
Despite the rarity of R*, the relatively rapid expansion – geographically and numerically – of subclades from R1 in particular, was noted in a 2014 paper by Pille Hallast, Chiara Batini, Daniel Zadik and others: "both R1a and R1b comprise young, star-like expansions" (Karafet 2008). The authors noted that living examples found in Central Asian samples included the "deepest subclade" of R-M269 (R1b1a2) – the most numerous branch of R1b in Western Europe.
(Hallast, Batini, Zadik et al 2014), also noted a Bhutanese individual (with R-PH155) who constituted "an outgroup almost as old as the R1a/R1b split" and which presented a very strong proof of origin in Indian subcontinent.
Distribution
Y-haplogroup R-M207 is common throughout Europe, South Asia and Central Asia (Kayser 2003). It also occurs in the Caucasus and Siberia. Some minorities in Africa also carry subclades of R-M207 at high frequencies.
While some indigenous peoples of The Americas and Australasia also feature high levels of R-M207, it is unclear whether these are deep-rooted, or an effect of European colonisation during the early modern era.
Paragroup R-M207
Haplogroup R* Y-DNA (xR1,R2) was found in 24,000-year-old remains from Mal'ta in Siberia near Lake Baikal.
R1(R-M173)
R-M173 was historically known as R1 and has been common throughout Europe and South Asia since pre-history. It has many branches (Semino 2000 and Rosser 2000).
It is the second most common haplogroup in Indigenous peoples of the Americas following haplogroup Q-M242, especially in the Algonquian peoples of Canada and the United States (Malhi 2008). The origin of R-M173 among Native Americans is a matter of controversy:
R2(R-M479)
Haplogroup R-M479 is defined by the presence of the marker M479. The paragroup for the R-M479 lineage is found predominantly in South Asia, although deep-rooted examples have also been found among Portuguese, Spanish, Tatar (Bashkortostan, Russia), and Ossetian (Caucasus) populations (Myres 2010).