Start date 111 BC | Result Decisive Han victory | |
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The Han–Nanyue War was a military conflict between the Han empire and the Nanyue kingdom. During the reign of Emperor Wu, the Han forces launched a punitive campaign against Nanyue and conquered it in 111 BC as part of the southward expansion of the Han Dynasty.
Contents
Background
In the south of China and northern Vietnam, Zhao Tuo had established himself as the King of Nanyue, although Zhao's ancestors originated from Zhengding, China. The Han frontier in the south was not threatened and there was no indication that Zhao Tuo would encroach on Han territory. Eventually, in 196 BC, Emperor Gaozu sent Lu Jia on a diplomatic mission to Nanyue to recognize Zhao Tuo. Nevertheless, relations between Han and Nanyue were sometimes strained. Zhao Tuo resented Empress Lü's ban on exports of metal wares and female livestock to Nanyue. He eventually proclaimed himself an emperor in his own right. More specifically, in 183 BC, he retorted by proclaiming himself the "Martial Emperor of the South" (南武帝), which implied a status on equal footing with the emperor of China. Two years later, Nanyue attacked the Changsha kingdom, territory belonging to the Han empire. In 180 BC, Lu Jia led a diplomatic mission to Nanyue. During negotiations, he succeeded in convincing Zhao Tuo to give up on his title as emperor and pay homage to Han as a nominal vassal.
In 135 BC, King Zhao Mo of Nanyue appealed to the Han court for help against attacking Minyue forces. The Han court responded swiftly and this led to Zhao Mo's agreement to send his son to serve palace duties in Chang'an. Even though Nanyue neglected to pay regular homage to the Han court, the court had its attention focused on other commitments and was not set on forcing the issue. At the Nanyue court in 113 BC, the Queen Dowager of Nanyue suggested incorporating Nanyue as a kingdom under the reign of the Han empire, thus formally integrating the kingdom on the same terms as the other kingdoms of the Han empire. She was Chinese herself and was married to Zhao Yingqi, who had served at Chang'an during his princehood. However, many Nanyue ministers opposed this suggestion. Lü Jia was the primary Nanyue official to oppose the idea, and he led the opposition against the Queen Dowager. In 112 BC, the opposition retaliated violently and executed the Queen Dowager, King Zhao Xing, and several Han emissaries.
Course
This provocation triggered the mobilization of a large Han naval force into Nanyue. The forces comprised six armies, who traveled by sea, directly southward, or from Sichuan along the Xi River. In 111 BC, General Lu Bode and General Yang Pu advanced towards Panyu (present-day Guangzhou). This resulted in the surrender of Nanyue to the Han empire later that year.
After the fall of Panyu, Tây Vu Vương (the captain of the Tây Vu area, of which Cổ Loa is the center) revolted against the First Chinese domination by the Western Han dynasty. He was killed by his assistant Hoàng Đồng (黄同).
Aftermath
After the conquest of Nanyue in 111 BC, the Han empire established nine new commanderies to administer the former Nanyue territories. Han control proceeded to expand further southwestward by military means after the conquest. The conquest also made it possible to extend Han maritime trade further to countries in Southeast Asia and around the Indian Ocean.
Two counties (Wenxi and Huojia) were founded by Emperor Wu of Han in 111 BC in honor of this war.