Citizenship Russian, Finnish Name Gunnar Nordstrom Influenced by Albert Einstein | Nationality Finnish Role Physicist Fields Physics, Mechanics | |
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Residence Finland, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands Institutions Helsinki University of Technology
University of Helsinki
University of Gottingen
University of Leiden Alma mater Helsinki University of Technology (Engineer),
University of Helsinki (Master of Science, and PhD) Academic advisors Paul Ehrenfest, Walther Nernst (briefly) Died December 24, 1923, Helsinki, Finland Siblings Inga Nordstrom, Elsa Nordstrom, Tyra Nordstrom, Ake Nordstrom, Sigrid Nordstrom Education Helsinki University of Technology, Aalto University, University of Helsinki Influenced Albert Einstein, Rolf Nevanlinna | ||
Dan Larsen Art at Gunnar Nordstrom Gallery in Bellevue Seattle
Gunnar Nordstrom (12 March 1881 – 24 December 1923) was a Finnish theoretical physicist best remembered for his theory of gravitation, which was an early competitor of general relativity. Nordstrom is often designated by modern writers as The Einstein of Finland due to his novel work in similar fields with similar methods to Einstein.
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Education and career
Nordstrom graduated high-school from Brobergska Skolan in central Helsinki 1899. At first he went on to study mechanical engineering at the Polytechnic institute in Helsinki, later renamed Helsinki University of Technology and today a part of the Aalto University. During his studies he developed an interest for more theoretical subjects, proceeding after graduation to further study for a master's degree in natural science, mathematics and economy at the University of Helsinki (1903–1907).
Nordstrom then moved to Gottingen, Germany, where he had been recommended to go to study physical chemistry. However, he soon lost interest in the intended field and moved to study electrodynamics, a field the University of Gottingen was renowned for at the time. He returned to Finland to complete his doctoral dissertation at the University of Helsinki in 1910, and become a docent at the university. Subsequently he became fascinated with the very novel and soon burgeoning field of gravitation and wanted to move to the Netherlands where scientists with contributions to that fields such as Hendrik Lorentz, Paul Ehrenfest and Willem de Sitter were active. Nordstrom was able to move to Leiden in 1916 to work under Ehrenfest, in the midst of the First World War, due to his Russian passport. Nordstrom spent considerable time in Leiden where he met a Dutch physics student, Cornelia van Leeuwen, with whom he went on to have several children. After the war he declined a professorship at the University of Berlin, a post awarded instead to Max Born, in order to return to Finland in 1918 and hold at first the professorship of physics and later the professorship of mechanics at the Helsinki University of Technology.
One of the keys to Nordstrom's success as a scientist was his ability to learn to apply differential geometry to physics, a new approach that also would eventually lead Albert Einstein to the theory of general relativity. Few other scientists of the time in Finland were able to make effective use of this new analytical tool, with the notable exception of Ernst Lindelof.
Contributions to theory
During the time in Leiden Nordstrom solved the field equations for the spherically symmetric charged body, thus extending Hans Reissner's results for a point charge. The metric for a non-rotating charge distribution is nowadays known as the Reissner–Nordstrom metric. Nordstrom maintained frequent contact with many of the other great physicists of the era, including Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein. For example, it was Bohr's contributions that helped Nordstrom to circumvent the Russian censorship of German post to Finland, Finland was at the time a grand duchy of the Russian empire.
The theory for which Nordstrom was arguably most famous in his own lifetime, his theory of gravitation, was for a long time considered as a competitor to Einstein's theory of general relativity which was published in 1915, after Nordstrom's theory. In 1914 Nordstrom introduced an additional space dimension to his theory, which provided coupling to electromagnetism. This was the first of the extra dimensional theories, which later came to be known as Kaluza–Klein theory. Kaluza and Klein, whose names are commonly used today for the theory, did not publish their work until the 1920s. Some speculations as to why Nordstrom's contribution fell into oblivion are that his theory was partly published in Swedish and that Einstein in a later publication referenced to Kaluza alone. Today extra dimensions and theories thereof are widely researched, debated and even looked for experimentally.
Nordstrom's theory of gravitation was subsequently experimentally found to be inferior to Einstein's as it did not predict the bending of light which was observed during the solar eclipse in 1919. However, Nordstrom and Einstein were in friendly competition or by some measure even cooperating scientists, not rivals. This can be seen from Nordstrom's public admiration of Einstein's work, as demonstrated by the two occasions on which Nordstrom nominated Einstein for the Nobel prize in physics for his theory of relativity. Einstein never received the Nobel prize for the theory, as the first experimental evidence presented in 1919 could at the time still be disputed and there was not yet a consensus or even general understanding in the scientific community of the complex mathematical models that Einstein, Nordstrom and others had developed. Nordstrom's scalar theory is today mainly used as a pedagogical tool when learning general relativity.
Today there is a limited public knowledge of Nordstrom's contributions to science even in Finland. However, after his death a number of Finnish physicists and mathematicians devoted their time to the theory of relativity and differential geometry presumably due to the legacy he left. On the other hand, the most notable opponent of general relativity in the Finnish scientific world was Hjalmar Mellin, the previous rector of the Helsinki University of Technology where Nordstrom held professorship.
Death
Nordstrom died in December 1923, at the age of 42, from pernicious anemia. The illness was perhaps caused by exposure to radioactive substances. Nordstrom was known to be interested in radioactivity, and a firm adherent to the then-widespread misconception that radioactivity was beneficial for one's health. Among his publications there is one from 1913 regarding the measurement of the radioactive emancipation power of different springs and ground waters in Finland. Nordstrom was known for experimenting with radioactive substances and for enjoying the Finnish sauna tradition using water from a spring rich in radium.
Selected publications
During Nordstrom's career he published 34 articles and research papers in languages including German, Dutch, Finnish, and his mother-tongue Swedish. Nordstrom is probably the first person to write about the theory of relativity in the languages of Finland.