EC number 4.2.1.47 ExPASy NiceZyme view | CAS number 37211-59-9 | |
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In enzymology, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.47) is an mannosyltransferase enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Contents
- Factors In The Reaction
- GDP Fucose Biosynthesis Pathway
- GDP Mannose 4 6 dehydratase Structure
- Homology
- Structural studies
- References
Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, GDP-mannose, and two products, GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose and H2O.
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is GDP-mannose 4,6-hydro-lyase (GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose-forming). Other names in common use include guanosine 5'-diphosphate-D-mannose oxidoreductase, guanosine diphosphomannose oxidoreductase, guanosine diphosphomannose 4,6-dehydratase, GDP-D-mannose dehydratase, GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase, Gmd, and GDP-mannose 4,6-hydro-lyase. This enzyme participates in fructose and mannose metabolism. It employs one cofactor, NAD+.
GDP-Mannose 4, 6-Dehydratase Reaction
The enzyme GDP-Mannose 4, 6-Dehydratase which is in the lyases family of enzymes, specifically the hydro-lyases. Other names in use include guanosine 5'-diphosphate-D-mannose oxidoreductase, guanosine diphosphomannose oxidoreductase, guanosine diphosphomannose 4,6-dehydratase, GDP-D-mannose dehydratase, GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase, GMD, and GDP-mannose 4,6-hydro-lyase. The enzymes is apart of the GDP-Fucose de novo pathway is the first step in the catalyzing process that gives us GDP-Fucose which is crucial in Fucose biosynthesis. In its structure it contains 372 amino acids. By catalyzing GDP-Mannose we acquire GDP-Fucose and fucosyltransferases which play a major roles in cell immunity and signaling. Currently GDP-Mannose 4, 6-Dehydratase is not the target of any available drugs, however it is being experimentally tested in the drug Guanosine-5'-Diphosphate. The chemical reaction of GDP-Mannose 4, 6-Dehydratase is as shown:
GDP-mannose ↔ GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose + H2O
Factors In The Reaction
The enzymes substrate, what the enzyme is acting on, is the GDP-Mannose substance. No other substrates are use this enzyme for reactions.
When the enzyme undergoes its catalyzing process the main product is gets is when it converts GDP-mannose to GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose which is then subsequently converted to GDP-Frucose which is crucial for the body to process correctly. It acts as an intermediate step between GDP-Mannose and GDP-Frucose.
In the reaction that the enzyme uses it requires only one cofactor, a compound required for activation, which is NADP(+) however it is uncertain if this compound truly activates the enzyme.
The enzyme GDP-Mannose 4, 6-Dehydratase has no known inhibitors.
GDP-Fucose Biosynthesis Pathway
The enzyme GDP-Mannose 4, 6-Dehydratase is only present in one pathway that we know of. This pathway is the GDP-mannose-dependent de novo pathway which provides most of the bodies GDP-Fucose whereas minor amounts come from fucose salvaging in the body.
In the pathway the enzyme is in an intermediate step that that converts GDP-Mannose to GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose which is then converted into GDP-Fucose which is absolutely crucial to the body. The product of this pathway is fucosyltransferases which is then used in a different pathway that creates fucosylated glycans which is used for cell signaling and immunity in the body. Fucose is a deoxyhexose that is present in a wide variety of organisms. In most mammals, fucose-containing glycans have important roles in blood transfusion reactions, selectin-mediated leukocyte-endothelial adhesion, host-microbe interactions, and numerous ontogenic events. Along with those the body uses fucose as signaling branches of a cell and also as identification systems in immunity. However the enzyme only works at its top levels under normal body conditions. Increased pH or heat could severely denature the protein causing the enzyme to malfunction.
GDP-Mannose 4, 6-dehydratase Structure
In the enzyme it contains four different subunits. Each of these units helps to make up the quaternary structure of the protein that allows the enzyme to function correctly. Here is a link for a 3-D view of the enzyme http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/jmol.do?structureId=1RPN&bionumber=1
Homology
In recent years testing has been done on mice genes and some other mammals that also had GDP-Mannose 4, 6-Dehydratase converting GDP-4-6-deoxymannose to GDP-fucose. Scientists have found that the same gene producing the GDP enzyme is 61% similar in mice to that of humans therefore making it the most homologous with humans.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 5 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1DB3, 1N7G, 1N7H, 1RPN, and 1T2A.