Concurrence Powell | End date 1980 | |
Full case name H. Earl Fullilove, et al. v. Philip M. Klutznick, Secretary of Commerce, et al. Citations 448 U.S. 448 (more)100 S. Ct. 2758; 65 L. Ed. 2d 902 Prior history Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Plurality Burger, joined by White, Powell Plurality Marshall, joined by Brennan, Blackmun Similar City of Richmond v JA Cr, Adarand Constructors - Inc v Peña, United Steelworkers v Weber, Regents of the University, Hopwood v Texas | ||
Fullilove v. Klutznick, 448 U.S. 448 (1980),[1] was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that the U.S. Congress could constitutionally use its spending power to remedy past discrimination. The case arose as a suit against the enforcement of provisions in a 1977 spending bill that required 10% of federal funds going towards public works programs to go to minority-owned companies.
Contents
Opinion of the Court
The Court was deeply divided as to both the rationale for the decision and the outcome. Five separate opinions were filed, none of which commanded the support of more than three members of the Court. Chief Justice Burger wrote a plurality opinion, joined by Justices White and Powell; Justice Powell also wrote a separate concurrence. Justice Marshall delivered an opinion for a second plurality with an entirely different basis in law, joined by Justices Brennan and Blackmun. Since there was no single opinion that represented the views of a majority of the court, nor a clear proposition in either plurality which commanded a majority, only the judgment of the court—affirming the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit—has unambiguously precedential value.
The Court held that the minority set-aside program was a legitimate exercise of congressional power, and that under the particular facts at issue, Congress could pursue the objectives of the minority business enterprise program under the Spending Power. The plurality opinion noted that Congress could have regulated the practices of contractors on federally funded projects under the Commerce Clause as well. The plurality further held that in the remedial context, Congress did not have to act "in a wholly 'color-blind' fashion."
Dissent
Two dissenting opinions were written, one by Justice Stewart, joined by Justice Rehnquist, and the other by Justice Stevens. Justice Stevens objected to the congressional procedures to determine the 15% set-aside figure.
Subsequent history
Fullilove v. Klutznick was overruled by Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña, 515 U.S. 200 (1995). There the Court adopted strict scrutiny for race preference in federal contracting. This brought the standard of review into uniformity with City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989), which applied strict scrutiny for race preferences in state and local government contracting.