The French personal pronouns (analogous to English I, we, you, and so on) reflect the person and number of their referent, and in the case of the third person, its gender as well (much like English's distinction between him and her, except that French draws this distinction among inanimate nouns as well). They also reflect the role they play in their clause: subject, direct object, indirect object, or other.
Contents
- Overview
- The second person
- Subject pronouns
- On
- Direct object pronouns
- Indirect object pronouns
- Reflexive pronouns
- Disjunctive pronouns
- The pronoun y
- The pronoun en
- Clitic order
- References
The personal pronouns display a number of grammatical particularities and complications not found in their English counterparts: some of them can only be used in certain circumstances; some of them change form depending on surrounding words; and their placement is largely unrelated to the placement of the nouns they replace.
Overview
- je, me, te, se, le, and la become j', m', t', s', l', and l' respectively before a vowel or mute h. See Elision (French).
- The pronoun il and its forms refer to males (like English "he"), while the pronoun elle and its forms refer to females (like English "she"). However, as all French nouns (even inanimate and intangible objects) are either grammatically masculine or feminine, these pronouns can also refer to masculine and feminine nouns. In this case, both il and elle translate to the English pronoun "it". Il can furthermore be used as the direct equivalent of English "it" in order to refer to unspecified neuter things such as facts and ideas (e.g. Il pleut – "It's raining").
- In formal French, the pronoun on is often replaced by l'on after a vowel (in particular after et, ou, qui, que, quoi and si); in particular, formal French often replaces si on and qu'on with si l'on and que l'on, respectively. This does not affect the meaning, only the pronunciation. In modern French, on has replaced nous as pronoun for the plural first person. Nous is used in formal usage.
- In French, a group containing at least one male or one masculine noun is considered masculine, and takes the pronoun ils. Only exclusively female or feminine groups take elles.
- Broadly speaking, lui and leur are used to refer to people, and y (see below) is used to refer to things. Lui and leur, however, will sometimes also be used to refer to things.
The second person
French has a T-V distinction in the second person singular. That is, it uses two different sets of pronouns: tu and vous and their various forms. The pronoun tu is informal and singular, spoken to an individual who is equal or junior to the speaker. The pronoun vous is used in the singular (but with second-person plural verb forms) to speak to an individual who is senior to the speaker or socially "more important" than the speaker. Vous is also used in the plural for all groups of people, whether junior, equal or senior.
Subject pronouns
As noted above, the personal pronouns change form to reflect the role they play in their clause. The forms used for subjects are called the subject pronouns, subjective pronouns, or nominative pronouns. They are as follows:
When the predicate is être ("to be") plus a noun phrase, the pronoun ce (c' in elision contexts) is normally used instead of the other third person subject pronouns. For example, « C'est un homme intelligent » ("He is a smart man"), « Ce sont mes parents » ("Those are my parents"). Ce is primarily used as a "neuter" pronoun to refer to events and situations: « J'ai vu Jean hier. C'était amusant. », "I saw John yesterday. It was fun."
On
The subject pronoun on (from Old French [h]om, homme "man", from Latin homo "human being") is equivalent to the English indefinite pronouns one, you, and they (as in, "One is pleased to see...", "You never know what will...", and "They speak French in..."). It takes third-person singular verb forms in the same way that il and elle do, and is used:
It is never used for the number one, or as in one of them. As in English, numbers can be used as pronouns, and this is also true of the French word un(e):
« Deux sont entrés et un est ressorti » "Two went in and one came back out."On has limited pronoun forms: it has only a reflexive form, se, and a disjunctive form soi (which is also only used when the sense is reflexive). The pronoun quelqu'un ("someone") can sometimes be used to fill the roles of on:
« Quelqu'un m'a dit... » "Someone told me..."Direct-object pronouns
Like the English him, her, it, and them, the pronouns le, la, and les are only used with definite direct objects. For indefinite ones (e.g., "some juice"), en is used; see "The pronoun en" below.
Le, la, and les are not used when the direct object refers to the same entity as the subject; see the section on the reflexive pronouns, below.
Examples:
Indirect-object pronouns
In French, an indirect object is an object of a verb that is introduced using a preposition (especially the preposition à). For example, in the sentence « J'ai parlé à Jean » ("I spoke to Jean"), Jean is the indirect object in the French sentence.
Indirect-object pronouns (or dative pronouns) generally only replace indirect objects with the preposition à. When an indirect object pronoun is used, it replaces the entire prepositional phrase; for example, « Je lui ai donné un livre » ("I gave him a book").
Broadly speaking, lui and leur are used to refer to people, and y (see "The pronoun y" below) is used to refer to things. However, lui and leur will sometimes also be used in referring to things.
Lui, leur, and o are replaced with se (s' before a vowel) when the indirect object refers to the same entity as the subject; see the section on the reflexive pronouns below.
As mentioned above, the indirect object pronouns are not always used to replace indirect objects:
Reflexive pronouns
In French, as in English, reflexive pronouns are used in place of direct- and indirect-object pronouns that refer to the same entity or entities as the subject. A verb with a reflexive pronoun is called a reflexive verb, and has many grammatical particularities aside from the choice of pronoun; see French verbs.
There are four kinds of reflexive verbs:
- Verbs that are inherently reflexive. For example, the verb se souvenir ("to remember") has no non-reflexive counterpart; the verb souvenir has no meaning on its own.
- Verbs whose direct or indirect objects refer to the same entities as their subjects. For example, « Je m'achèterai cela » ("I shall buy myself that") is just a special case of « Je lui achèterai cela » ("I shall buy him that") that happens to be reflexive.
- Verbs indicating reciprocal actions. For example, « Ils se parlent » means "They are talking to each other." In cases of possible ambiguity, the reciprocal interpretation can be reinforced by adding « Ils se parlent l'un à l'autre ».
- Verbs indicating a passive action. For example, one might say, « La porte s'ouvre », which literally means, "The door is opening itself," but really means, "The door is opening."
All four kinds use the reflexive pronouns, and exhibit the grammatical particularities of reflexive verbs.
Disjunctive pronouns
The disjunctive pronouns are the strong forms of the French pronouns, the forms used in isolation and in emphatic positions. (Compare the use of me in the English sentence "Me, I believe you, but I am not sure anyone else will". for more, see Intensive pronoun) .French Disjunctive pronouns have nominative case same as French subject pronouns.
In French, the disjunctive pronouns are used in the following circumstances:
The reflexive disjunctive form soi can be used as the object of a preposition, if it refers to the same entity as the subject. For example, « Un voyageur sait se sentir chez soi n'importe où », "A traveller knows how to feel at home anywhere." Note that this does not make the verb reflexive.
The pronoun y
The pronoun y has two distinct uses:
The pronoun en
The pronoun en has the following uses:
Clitic order
French personal pronouns, aside from their disjunctive forms, are all clitics, and the order of pronominal clitics as well as the negative clitic ne is strictly determined as follows. Only one clitic can be used for each slot. Where one wishes to express an idea that would involve slots that cannot coexist or multiple pronouns from the same slot, the indirect object is expressed as an object of à or pour (thus Je me donne à toi – "I give myself to you"). The use of more than two clitic pronouns beyond the subject is uncommon. Constructions such as Je lui y en ai donné may be perceived as unacceptable, and other constructions must then be used to express the same ideas.
- The clitics -moi and -toi become -m' and -t' respectively when followed by either -en or -y. In colloquial French, however, it is possible to keep -moi and -toi intact and change -en and -y to -z-en and -z-y respectively, or to put slot 5 before slot 3, or less commonly, before slot 1 or 2.ex. The imperative sentences corresponding to « Tu m'en donnes »:« Donne-m'en. » /dɔn.mɑ̃/ (formal)« Donne-moi-z-en. » /dɔn.mwa.zɑ̃/ (informal)« Donnes-en-moi. » /dɔn.zɑ̃.mwa/ (informal)