In mathematics, flat convergence is a notion for convergence of submanifolds of Euclidean space. It was first introduced by Hassler Whitney in 1957, and then extended to "integral currents" by Federer and Fleming in 1960. It forms a fundamental part of the field of geometric measure theory. The notion was applied to find solutions to Plateau's problem. In 2001 the notion of an integral current was extended to arbitrary metric spaces by Ambrosio and Kirchheim.
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Integral currents
A k-dimensional current T is a multilinear real-valued operator on smooth k-forms. For example, given a Lipschitz map from a manifold into Euclidean space, F: Nk → RN, one has an integral current T(ω) defined by integrating the pullback of the differential k-form, ω, over N. Currents have a notion of boundary
Flat norm and flat distance
The flat norm |T| of a k-dimensional integral current T is the infimum of M(A) + M(B), where the infimum is taken over all integral currents A and B such that
The flat distance between two integral currents is then dF(T,S) = |T − S|.
Compactness theorem
Federer-Fleming proved that if one has a sequence of integral currents
This theorem was applied to study sequences of submanifolds of fixed boundary whose volume approached the infimum over all volumes of submanifolds with the given boundary. It produced a candidate weak solution to Plateau's problem.