Formation 1996 (1996) Website www.fpb.org.za | Chairperson Thoko Mpumlwana | |
Type Film ratings, censorship, online regulation Headquarters Centurion, Gauteng
South Africa | ||
The Film and Publication Board, often shortened to FPB is a content-classification and censorship authority in South Africa, operating under the Minister of Communications (South Africa).
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The FPB was established and created under the Films and Publications Act, 1996, ostensibly to tackle issues of child pornography and child abuse, as well as to provide ratings to publicly consumed media such as movies, music and television programs. Under these directives, its mandate can be considered one of state censorship.
The FPB came under intense criticism of its handling of the The Spear debacle, in which it issued a painting in gallery that depicted President Jacob Zuma with his genitals exposed, with an "16N" rating. This was widely considered to be a move that was beyond its statutory remit. On appeal, the FPB revoked the rating.
History
The Film and Publication Board was established directly under the directive set out in the Films and Publications Act of 1996, shortly after South Africa achieved independence from apartheid rule. The Board's function would be to receive complaints - or applications to evaluate - a film or publication, to classify it according to its suitability for different audiences. These publications could include movies, television programs, computer games, and music.
The classification of a film or publication would trigger various prohibitions on possessing, exhibiting, distributing or advertising the film or publication. Different ratings were devised, the most serious of which was "X18", which prohibited anyone without a specific license from distributing the content, which had to be conducted within "adult premises".
Certain key exemptions from prohibitions were made to the scientific community (in regard to bona fide scientific, documentary, dramatic, artistic, literary or religious films and publications), and the media (in that those holding a broadcasting license were exempt form the duty to apply for classification).
An appeals process was also defined under the Act, allowing rulings made by the FPB to be contested and challenged.
Ratings
The FPB has the following ratings guideline:
Additionally, the FPB provides the following content classifications:
The Spear
In 2012, the Goodman Gallery in Cape Town, showcased a painting by artist Brett Murray. It depicted President Jacob Zuma in a pose reminiscent of Lenin, but with fully exposed genitalia. The painting drew swift condemnation from the ANC ruling party, who condemned the artist, the artwork, and all media outlets who had published images of the painting.
Shortly after, the Film and Publication board sent five assessors to provide a rating for the artwork - a move that was harshly criticised for being well outside its mandate, and beyond the remit of the purpose of the FPB. Despite this, the FPB issued an "16N" rating, which meant that the Gallery could no longer publicly show the painting if there were children in the building.
During the classification proceedings, there were allegations that the FPB was acting outside its statutory remit, and that specific members had made statements or asked questions implying that it was entitled to censor political opinions and restrict freedom of the press.
This decision was later appealed following a public backlash, and amidst accusations of state-led censorship. Upon appeal in October 2012, the FPB set aside its original rating, thereby effectively de-classifying the painting. This had taken place after the painting was famously defaced and sold, which rendered the ruling moot on practical terms.
Draft Online Regulation Policy
In March 2015, the FPB gazetted a notice inviting public comment a Draft Online Regulation policy, that sought sweeping new powers to effectively police and regulate all aspects of content on the internet. In this draft policy, the FPB seeks to classify all manner of content, including, for instance, user-submitted videos to sites such as YouTube, which would require all such content to first be classified by the FPB at a charge, and labelled as FPB-approved before it would be allowed to be legally published online.
Specifically, the following sections from the draft detail the broadness of the powers FPB seek:
The Electronic Frontier Foundation described the proposed legislation as:
The EFF also went on to point out that the FPB had effectively put the burden on South African ISP's to remove offending content, or replace said content with FPB-approved (and labelled) content, even on platforms such as YouTube, Vimeo and Vine.
In the response to what is understood to be one of the most draconian pieces of internet legislation seen in the world, the FPB has been on the receiving end of a growing online backlash, proliferated through social media such as Facebook and Twitter. In particular, the Right2Know coalition - who advocate open government and whistleblowing - have championed the cause against FPB's draft proposal.