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Expected shortfall

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Expected shortfall (ES) is a risk measure—a concept used in the field of financial risk measurement to evaluate the market risk or credit risk of a portfolio. The "expected shortfall at q% level" is the expected return on the portfolio in the worst q % of cases. ES is an alternative to Value at Risk that is more sensitive to the shape of the tail of the loss distribution.

Contents

Expected shortfall is also called Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR), Average Value at Risk (AVaR), and expected tail loss (ETL).

ES estimates the risk of an investment in a conservative way, focusing on the less profitable outcomes. For high values of q it ignores the most profitable but unlikely possibilities, while for small values of q it focuses on the worst losses. On the other hand, unlike the discounted maximum loss, even for lower values of q the expected shortfall does not consider only the single most catastrophic outcome. A value of q often used in practice is 5%.

Expected shortfall is a coherent, and moreover a spectral, measure of financial portfolio risk. It requires a quantile-level q , and is defined to be the expected loss of portfolio value given that a loss is occurring at or below the q -quantile.

Formal definition

If X ∈ L p ( F ) (an Lp space) is the payoff of a portfolio at some future time and 0 < α < 1 then we define the expected shortfall as

E S α = 1 α ∫ 0 α VaR γ ( X ) d γ

where VaR γ is the Value at risk. This can be equivalently written as

E S α = − 1 α ( E [ X   1 { X ≤ x α } ] + x α ( α − P [ X ≤ x α ] ) )

where x α = inf { x ∈ R : P ( X ≤ x ) ≥ α } is the lower α -quantile and 1 A ( x ) = { 1 if  x ∈ A 0 else is the indicator function. The dual representation is

E S α = inf Q ∈ Q α E Q [ X ]

where Q α is the set of probability measures which are absolutely continuous to the physical measure P such that d Q d P ≤ α − 1 almost surely. Note that d Q d P is the Radon–Nikodym derivative of Q with respect to P .

If the underlying distribution for X is a continuous distribution then the expected shortfall is equivalent to the tail conditional expectation defined by T C E α ( X ) = E [ − X ∣ X ≤ − V a R α ( X ) ] .

Informally, and non rigorously, this equation amounts to saying "in case of losses so severe that they occur only alpha percent of the time, what is our average loss".

Expected shortfall can also be written as a distortion risk measure given by the distortion function g ( x ) = { x 1 − α if  0 ≤ x < 1 − α , 1 if  1 − α ≤ x ≤ 1.

Examples

Example 1. If we believe our average loss on the worst 5% of the possible outcomes for our portfolio is EUR 1000, then we could say our expected shortfall is EUR 1000 for the 5% tail.

Example 2. Consider a portfolio that will have the following possible values at the end of the period:

Now assume that we paid 100 at the beginning of the period for this portfolio. Then the profit in each case is (ending value−100) or:

From this table let us calculate the expected shortfall E S q for a few values of q :

To see how these values were calculated, consider the calculation of E S 0.05 , the expectation in the worst 5% of cases. These cases belong to (are a subset of) row 1 in the profit table, which have a profit of −100 (total loss of the 100 invested). The expected profit for these cases is −100.

Now consider the calculation of E S 0.20 , the expectation in the worst 20 out of 100 cases. These cases are as follows: 10 cases from row one, and 10 cases from row two (note that 10+10 equals the desired 20 cases). For row 1 there is a profit of −100, while for row 2 a profit of −20. Using the expected value formula we get

10 100 ( − 100 ) + 10 100 ( − 20 ) 20 100 = − 60.

Similarly for any value of q . We select as many rows starting from the top as are necessary to give a cumulative probability of q and then calculate an expectation over those cases. In general the last row selected may not be fully used (for example in calculating E S 0.20 we used only 10 of the 30 cases per 100 provided by row 2).

As a final example, calculate E S 1 . This is the expectation over all cases, or

0.1 ( − 100 ) + 0.3 ( − 20 ) + 0.4 ⋅ 0 + 0.2 ⋅ 50 = − 6.

The Value at Risk (VaR) is given below for comparison.

Properties

The expected shortfall E S q increases as q increases.

The 100%-quantile expected shortfall E S 1.0 equals the expected value of the portfolio.

For a given portfolio, the expected shortfall E S q is greater than or equal to the Value at Risk VaR q at the same q level.

Dynamic expected shortfall

The conditional version of the expected shortfall at the time t is defined by

E S α t ( X ) = * ⁡ e s s sup Q ∈ Q α t E Q [ − X ∣ F t ]

where Q α t = { Q = P | F t : d Q d P ≤ α t − 1 a . s . } .

This is not a time-consistent risk measure. The time-consistent version is given by

ρ α t ( X ) = * ⁡ e s s sup Q ∈ Q ~ α t E Q [ − X ∣ F t ]

such that

Q ~ α t = { Q ≪ P : E [ d Q d P ∣ F τ + 1 ] ≤ α t − 1 E [ d Q d P ∣ F τ ] ∀ τ ≥ t a . s . } .

References

Expected shortfall Wikipedia
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