Citation Act No. 59 of 1968 | Enacted by Parliament of India | |
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Territorial extent Whole of India except Jammu and Kashmir | ||
The Essential Services Maintenance (ESMA) is an act of Parliament of India which was established to ensure the delivery of certain services, which if obstructed would affect the normal life of the people. This include services like public transport (bus services), health services (doctors and hospitals). The ESMA is a central law, that is, a law made by the Parliament of India; but the discretion on the execution of it mostly lies with the State governments. Each state in the union of India, hence has a separate state Essential Services Maintenance Act with slight variations from the central law in its provisions. This freedom is accorded by the central law itself. Although it is a very powerful law, its execution rests entirely on the discretion of the State government. The law has seen little use in India, with many strikes by public transport providers or staff, doctors or Government employees, being continued for weeks without ESMA being invoked by the Union Government or the State Government. There have been instances of citizens approaching courts for implementation of ESMA, and the executive being forced by court orders to declare ESMA over a strike and the strikes being called off overnight.
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History
The law presently in effect is the Essential Services Maintenance Act, 1968. But it has a long history of evolution through which it came into the shape it is in right now. A shorter law by the same name existed in 1952, which came to replace the 'Ordinance XI' of 1941.
Andhra Pradesh
The law in effect is the Andhra Pradesh Essential Services Maintenance Act when of 1971.
Kerala
The Kerala Essential Services Maintenance Act, 1994. This is the law in effect in the state of Kerala since 1994. As is the general rule, it has slight variations in the provisions of the law from the central act. What existed before this act was the Kerala Essential Services Maintenance Ordinance of 1993.
Rajasthan
In Rajasthan this law is known as RESMA (Rajasthan Essential Services Maintenance Act).
Karnataka
The Government of Karnataka enacted Karnataka Essential Services Maintenance Act in 1994 and was in force since 16 April 1994. The life of the act was ten years as per section 1(3) and it lapsed on 15 April 2004. The Government of Karnataka has threatened to invoke the act multiple times since then, even though the act had lapsed in 2004. The Government of Karnataka has planned to reintroduce ESMA with Karnataka Essential Services Maintenance Bill, 2013 which will be tabled in the winter session of the legislature.
Esma has been re-introduced in Karnataka effective from 09/06/2015. A gazette notification said..
Maharashtra
In Maharashtra ESMA act came into force on 2 August 2012.