El Castillon

Archaeological fieldworks

Excavations started in 2007, within the frame context of the PIDPAPZ project (Project on the Investigation and diffusion of the Late Prehistory Archaeological Heritage of the Province of Zamora). The scientific team was led by the archaeologists Jose Carlos Sastre Blanco and Oscar Rodriguez Monterrubio, just since the beginning the archaeologist Patricia Fuentes Melgar (Asociación Científico - Cultural ZamoraProtohistórica) joint the leading team and years later when the Association for the Scientific and Cultural Promotion of the Heritage of Zamora was created the supervising group was completed by Manuel Vazquez Fadon. Excavations have been carried out since 2007 to date with a gap year in 2015. In these eight campaigns three areas have been studied: Defensive systems, the metalworking district and the big storehouse.

Defensive systems

The wall is a perimeter structure forming a complete u-shaped enclosure. The wall has been constructed with huge redden quartzite ashlars. The main wall structure is reinforced by an external pre-wall constructed outside the inhabited nucleus. The excavation area number 4, unburied the structure of the Late Roman Wall in a point close to the main entrance to the village, the eastern gatehouse which was reinforced by three cassamata structures attached to the wall from the inside. The excavation Area 1, discovered the construction techniques of the wall: double-faced wall, filled with rough stones and earth. The wall was 5m height and 4m breadth.

The metalworking district

With this name we refer to the north corner of the village where two complex structures were found and identified as metallurgical furnaces, a forge or a metal workshop. A third furnace was discovered below the two first which gives us the idea that the area was consecutively used for the same purpose during a long period of time. The furnaces have an oval shape with a stony plinth and earthen dome made and destroyed during the melting process, a small hole in the plinth gave the access to the furnace. Within the area pieces of metalworking as nails, knives or tools and more than 50k of iron slag were found. Metallography analysis carried out by the Complutense University team of Mechanic Technologies and Archaeometallurgy (led by the professor Antonio J.Criado Portal and the technicians Laura Garcia Sanchez and Antonio Javier Criado Martín) we know that the furnaces obtained iron from melting the gangue by reduction. The extracting areas of the metal raw materials are close to the settmente because the analysis of metals from the nearby area revealed similitude with pieces of raw iron in the Sierra de la Culebra mountain range no more than 15 km North the site.

The big storehouse

In the central eastern sector of the site, many buildings have been discovered in survey, but only one has been excavated. It has been called the big storehouse, because of its size and the materials found inside it. This is by far the largest structure in the village, 20m length and 8 rooms. Each room has been associated with a different activity but all of them have in common the use of the space to store. Some rooms were used as kitchens or pantries due to the fact of the large number of animal bones found inside, other room was used to store liquids (oil, wine or honey) in big containers or dolia and other rooms were used to store grain or cereal in pieces of pottery, on the other hand some spaces were empty because they were used to pass throughout as corridors, courtyards or because the stored items were portable as weapons or clothing. The building was destroyed by a burn, but it was reoccupied later. The number of found materials is very high and it makes el Castillon one of the most rewarding archaeological sites in Spain with more than 1.000 pieces per campaign.

Cave painting

In a shelter located just few meters below the site (In the cliff down to the river), some samples of schematic art have been discovered. The images represent human-like icons, sticks, fingers, anchor-shaped symbols, circles and indefinites. Painted in red colour on quartzite, they belong to the Bronze Age with an age of more than 3.000 years.

Materials and findings

Materials found so far belong to the Late Roman period, with a date in the 5th century AD. Among the most significant elements, we outline pieces of pottery as the Late Hispano-Roman gloss pottery (TSHT) as the grey printed Early Medieval pottery. Pieces are identified as pots, bowls, dishes, plates, jars, containers, and cups. Other materials are pieces of glass and bronze jewellery as necklaces and ring, and pieces of metalworking for example: the osculatorio ( Bronze made stick with decorations in one extreme and a circle in the other, used for religious ceremonies or daily life activities), and a brooch or fibula type vyskov (Easter European 6th century), bone-craft, and iron and bronze arrow heads.

Archaeologists and volunteers

To date a number of 179 archaeologists (professional, students and volunteers) have worked for the project of research. They come from all the regions of Spain and all over the world. For example archaeologists from The United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, France, Slovakia, Lithuania, Argentina, Tanzania, Canada, Australia and Bolivia.