Dynamic modulus

Viscoelastic stress–strain phase-lag

Viscoelasticity is studied using dynamic mechanical analysis where an oscillatory force (stress) is applied to a material and the resulting displacement (strain) is measured.

In purely elastic materials the stress and strain occur in phase, so that the response of one occurs simultaneously with the other.

In purely viscous materials, there is a phase difference between stress and strain, where strain lags stress by a 90 degree ( π / 2 radian) phase lag.

Viscoelastic materials exhibit behavior somewhere in between that of purely viscous and purely elastic materials, exhibiting some phase lag in strain.

Stress and strain in a viscoelastic material can be represented using the following expressions:

Strain: ε = ε 0 sin ⁡ ( ω t )

Stress: σ = σ 0 sin ⁡ ( ω t + δ )

where

ω = 2 π f where f is frequency of strain oscillation, t is time, δ is phase lag between stress and strain.

Storage and loss modulus

The storage and loss modulus in viscoelastic materials measure the stored energy, representing the elastic portion, and the energy dissipated as heat, representing the viscous portion. The tensile storage and loss moduli are defined as follows:

Storage: E ′ = σ 0 ε 0 cos ⁡ δ

Loss: E ″ = σ 0 ε 0 sin ⁡ δ

Similarly we also define shear storage and shear loss moduli, G ′ and G ″ .

Complex variables can be used to express the moduli E ∗ and G ∗ as follows:

E ∗ = E ′ + i E ″ G ∗ = G ′ + i G ″

where i is the imaginary unit.