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Drum rudiment

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Drum rudiment

In percussion music, a rudiment is one of a number of relatively small patterns which form the foundation for more extended and complex drum patterns. The term "rudiment" in this context means not only "basic", but also fundamental. While any level of drumming may, in some sense, be broken down by analysis into a series of component rudiments, the term "drum rudiment" is most closely associated with various forms of field drumming, also known as rudimental drumming.

Contents

Rudimental drumming has something of a flexible definition, even within drumming societies devoted to that form of drumming. For example, the longest running website on rudimental drumming defines it as "the study of coordination," whereas the Percussive Arts Society defines rudimental drumming as a particular method for learning the drums—beginning with rudiments, and gradually building up speed and complexity through practicing those rudiments. (An analogy might be made to learning the piano by first learning scales and arpeggios, as opposed to beginning by taking a full piece of music and grinding through it bit by bit, to the end.)

History

The origin of snare rudiments can be traced back to Swiss mercenaries armed with long polearms. The use of pikes in close formation required a great deal of coordination. The sound of the tabor was used to set the tempo and communicate commands with distinct drumming patterns. These drumming patterns became the basis of the snare drum rudiments.

The first written rudiment goes back to the year 1612 in Basel, Switzerland. The cradle of rudimental drumming is said to be France, where professional drummers became part of the King's honour guard in the 17th and 18th centuries. The craft was perfected during the reign of Napoleon I. Le Rigodon is one of the cornerstones of modern rudimental drumming.

There have been many attempts to formalize a standard list of snare drum rudiments. The National Association of Rudimental Drummers, an organization established to promote rudimental drumming, put forward a list of 13 essential rudiments, and later a second set of 13 to form the original 26. In 1984, the Percussive Arts Society reorganized the first 26 and added another 14 to form the current 40 International Drum Rudiments. Currently, the International Association of Traditional Drummers is working to once again promote the original 26 rudiments.

Today there are four main Rudimental Drumming cultures: Swiss Basler Trommeln, Scottish Pipe Drumming, American Ancient Drumming, and American Modern Drumming.

Terminology

single stroke
A stroke performs a single percussive note. There are four basic single strokes.
double stroke
A double stroke consists of two single strokes played by the same hand (either RR or LL).
diddle
A diddle is a double stroke played at the current prevailing speed of the piece. For example, if a sixteenth-note passage is being played then any diddles in that passage would consist of sixteenth notes.
paradiddle
A paradiddle consists of two single strokes followed by a double stroke, i.e., RLRR or LRLL. When multiple paradiddles are played in succession, the first note always alternates between right and left. Therefore, a single paradiddle is often used to switch the "lead hand" in drumming music.
drag
A drag is a double stroke played at twice the speed of their context in which they are placed. For example, if a sixteenth-note passage is being played then any drags in that passage would consist of thirty-second notes. Drags can also be played as grace notes. When played as grace notes on timpani, the drag becomes three single (alternating) strokes (rlR or lrL).
flam
A flam consists of two single strokes played by alternating hands (RL or LR). The first stroke is a quieter grace note followed by a louder primary stroke on the opposite hand. The two notes are played almost simultaneously, and are intended to sound like a single, broader note. The temporal distance between the grace note and the primary note can vary depending on the style and context of the piece being played.
roll
Drum rolls are various techniques employed to produce a sustained, continuous sound.

40 P.A.S. International Drum Rudiments

Rudiments according to the Percussive Arts Society.

Single stroke rudiments

The single-stroke roll consists of alternating sticking (i.e., RLRL, etc.) of indeterminate speed and length.

Double stroke open roll rudiments

There are 10 official variants of the double-stroke roll.

Thirteen "essential" rudiments

  1. The Double Stroke Open Roll
  2. The Five Stroke Roll
  3. The Seven Stroke Roll
  4. The Flam
  5. The Flam Accent
  6. The Flam Paradiddle
  7. The Flamacue
  8. The Drag (Half Drag or Ruff)
  9. The Single Drag Tap
  10. The Double Drag Tap
  11. The Double Paradiddle
  12. The Single Ratamacue
  13. The Triple Ratamacue

Second thirteen rudiments

  1. The Single Stroke Roll
  2. The Nine Stroke Roll
  3. The Ten Stroke Roll
  4. The Eleven Stroke Roll
  5. The Thirteen Stroke Roll
  6. The Fifteen Stroke Roll
  7. The Flam Tap
  8. The Single Paradiddle
  9. The Drag Paradiddle No. 1
  10. The Drag Paradiddle No. 2
  11. The Flam Paradiddle-diddle
  12. The Lesson 25
  13. The Double Ratamacue

Last fourteen rudiments

More recently, the Percussive Arts Society added 14 more rudiments to extend the list to the current 40 International Drum Rudiments. Note that the ordering was completely changed during this last re-organization, so these numbers won't match those above.

  • The Single Stroke Four
  • The Single Stroke Seven
  • The Multiple Bounce Roll
  • The Triple Stroke Roll
  • The Six Stroke Roll
  • The Seventeen Stroke Roll
  • The Triple Paradiddle
  • The Single Paradiddle-Diddle
  • The Single Flammed Mill
  • The Pataflafla
  • The Swiss Army Triplet
  • The Inverted Flam Tap
  • The Flam Drag
  • The Single Dragadiddle

    • Notable contributors

  • John S. Pratt: author, composer, arranger, Former U.S. Military Academy instructor, Founder of the International Association of Traditional Drummers (IATD)
  • Charley Wilcoxon: instructor, author, and teacher
  • Dante Agostini, French instructor, author and teacher
  • Dr. Fritz R. Berger, inventor of the Berger-Notation, Basel, Switzerland
  • J. Burns Moore: instructor, author, and teacher
  • Sanford A. Moeller: rudimental champion, author, teacher, drum builder
  • George Lawrence Stone: instructor, author, and teacher
  • Earl Sturtze: instructor, author, and teacher
  • Les Parks: instructor and arranger, Sons of Liberty Fife and Drum Corps, Hawthorne Cabaleros, Garfield Cadets
  • Fred Sanford: instructor and arranger, Santa Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corps
  • Ralph Hardimon: instructor and arranger, Santa Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corps
  • Marty Hurley: instructor and arranger, Phantom Regiment Drum and Bugle Corps during the 1970s and early '80s
  • Paul Rennick: instructor and arranger, Phantom Regiment Drum and Bugle Corps: 2003–2010, Santa Clara Vanguard 2011
  • Scott Johnson: instructor and arranger, Blue Devils Drum and Bugle Corps
  • Peter Sapadin: instructor and teacher, Blue Devils Drum and Bugle Corps
  • Grant Caldwell: instructor and arranger, Carrollton High School and Blue Knighs Drum and Bugle Corps
  • James Campbell: instructor and arranger, The Cavaliers Drum and Bugle Corps
  • Dennis DeLucia: instructor and arranger, Bridgemen Drum and Bugle Corps
  • Chris Romanowski: instructor and arranger, Atlanta CV Drum and Bugle Corps
  • Thom Hannum: instructor and arranger, Cadets Drum and Bugle Corps
  • Charley Poole, Jr. instructor and arranger, 27th Lancers Drum and Bugle Corps
  • Frank Arsenault: contributor to the selection of the standard 26 rudiments, and a nationwide American teacher known for his official recording of The 26 Standard American Drum Rudiments and Selected Solos
  • William F. Ludwig: organizer of and contributor to the selection of the standard 26 rudiments, owner of Ludwig Drum Company

    • Hybrid rudiments

    Over the years, many other rudimental patterns have been informally identified and given creative names, although most of these are based upon the original 40. They are commonly known as "hybrid rudiments" or "hybrids," and are especially common in drumlines and drum corps. A few notable examples are the Herta which is a drag played with alternating sticking (famous examples include the chorus fills by Dave Grohl in "No One Knows" by Queens Of The Stone Age, or the intro by Carter Beauford in "Drive In Drive Out" by The Dave Matthews Band), the Cheese, a diddle with a grace note, and the Eggbeater, a five-tuplet with the sticking "rrrll"; indeed, these hybrids have themselves given way to more innovative and arguably more difficult hybrids, "Cheese Invert" (an inverted flam tap with cheeses instead of flams) and the "Diddle-Egg-Five" (a paradiddle-diddle followed by an Eggbeater and two diddles, one on each hand). Other notable hybrid rudiments with interesting names include: "Book Reports", "Ninjas", and "Flam Dragons", formerly known as "Double Flam Drags". Check out the instructional video for "Flam Dragons" by creator Grant Caldwell at


    Hybrid rudiments are becoming increasingly important to a marching percussionist's rudimental vocabulary. Due to the differences in naming and origins of these numerous hybrid rudiments, a growing list of the most common can be found at the Hybrid Rudiment Library. Also one of the largest lists online can be found at http://www.ninjadrummist.com/drum-rudiments/hybrid-rudiments

    A snare/cowbell paradiddle is featured on Skid Row's song "Monkey Business" (at the 2:55 mark). Aerosmith's "Walk this Way" features ride cymbal bell fills that are reminiscent of paradiddles. Buddy Holly's hit "Peggy Sue" features paradiddles all the way through. The dance in "Gangnam Style" is a paradiddle. The song "Vasoline" performed by drummer Eric Kretz of Stone Temple Pilots is another example of a song's drum groove that is strongly based from a single paradiddle. Paradiddles can and are often utilized in drum fills just as with drum grooves. An example of this can be found in Dire Strait's song "Sultans of Swing", around the three quarter mark of the song's completion. Pop singer Meghan Trainor makes reference to different rudiments in the lyrics to her song "Bang Dem Sticks" such as paradiddles, triplets and double strokes.

    References

    Drum rudiment Wikipedia
    (Text) CC BY-SA


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