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Diamantane (also called congressane) is an organic compound that is a member of the diamondoids . These are a cage hydrocarbons with structures similar to a subunit of the diamond lattice. It is a colorless solid that has been a topic of research since its discovery in oil and separation from deep natural gas condensates. Diamondoids such as diamantane exhibit unusual properties, including low surface energies, high densities, high hydrophobicities, and resistance to oxidation.
Contents
Occurrence and history
Diamantane occurs naturally in crude petroleum. It is currently assumed that adamantanes and diamantanes were formed via the catalytic rearrangements of polycyclic naphthenic hydrocarbons. Although present in only trace concentrations in typical oils, due to their great thermodynamic stability, diamondoids such as diamantane are naturally concentrated by catagenesis, becoming important constituents of some natural gas condensates including those from the Norphlet Formation, U.S. Gulf of Mexico, and the Western Canada Basin.
Diamantane was chosen as the Congress Emblem of the 1963 London IUPAC meeting, and was featured as a decoration on the cover of abstracts, program, and publicity material. Congress participants were challenged to synthesize diamantane. The first preparation of this chemical was achieved in 1965 in 1% yield by aluminum halide-catalyzed isomerization of a mixture of norbornene photodimers. Adamantane was the first, and "Congressane", as diamantane came to be known, was only the second member of an entire family of compounds known as the diamandoids. The synthesis of the third member of the series in 1969 emphasized the need for a more general scheme of semitrivial nomenclature. The compound was renamed “diamantane” and the third member designated triamantane.
The year 1966 also marked the isolation of diamantane from the high-boiling fractions of the crude oil of Hodonin (from which adamantane was discovered) and the achievement of a significant improvement in its yield (to 10%). While this permitted a start to be made in the exploration of the chemistry of diamantane, the hydrocarbon was still difficult to obtain in quantity. Diamantane then became as readily available as adamantane and its chemistry could be studied more easily.
Production
Diamantane can be prepared by Lewis acid catalyzed rearrangements of various pentacyclic tetradecanes. The best yield (84%) can obtained from trans-tetrahydro-Binor-S. A convenient synthetic procedure involves rearrangement of a hydrogenated Binor-S compound, which gives diamantane in ~70% yield. Other more highly strained precursors give diamantane in lower yield (1-47%) owing to disproportionation.
The synthetic route begins with the dimerization of norbornadiene catalyzed by a mixture of CoBr2(PPh3)2 and BF3OEt2. The resulting dimer is hydrogenated to give tetrahydro-binor-S. The rearrangement occurs in a hot solution of cyclohexane or carbon disulfide with aluminum bromide.
Diamantane can be produced by thermal cracking of long chained n-alkanes. The mechanism for this conversion is thought to be a free-radical addition. Although this method does produce diamantane that has been alkylated (i.e. monosubstituted, disubstituted, and trisubstituted with methyl groups), adamantane derivatives are also produced in greater amounts due to its greater thermodynamic stability. This method also produces a homological series of n-alkanes of up to 35 carbons and coke, as well. The assumption that diamandoid compounds can be synthesized through thermal cracking requires more verification.
Reactions
Diamantane can be nitrated by treatment with nitronium tetrafluoroborate (in nitrile-free nitromethane) to give a mixture of two isomeric nitrodiamantanes.
Chlorination at with aluminium chloride and acetyl chloride yields equal amounts of 1- and 4-chlorodiamantane, whereas use of chlorosulfonic acid yields mainly the 1-chloro isomer. Hydrolysis of the chlorides yield the corresponding alcohols, which are separable by column chromatography over alumina.