Scientific name Diabrotica Higher classification Leaf beetle Order Beetle | Family Chrysomelidae Tribe Luperini Rank Genus | |
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Lower classifications Western corn rootworm, Spotted cucumber beetle | ||
Diabrotica virgifera virgifera
Diabrotica is a widespread genus of beetles, sometimes referred to as cucumber beetles or corn rootworms, in the family Chrysomelidae. Members of this genus include several destructive agricultural pest species.
Contents
- Diabrotica virgifera virgifera
- Spotted cucumber beetle chrysomelidae diabrotica
- Range
- Species
- D undecimpunctata
- D virgifera
- References
Spotted cucumber beetle chrysomelidae diabrotica
Range
Corn rootworms are one of the most economically significant consumers of maize in the United States. The western corn rootworm, D. virgifera virgifera, and the northern corn rootworm, D. barberi, are the most significant rootworm species in Iowa, a major corn-growing area. A third species, the southern corn rootworm, D. undecimpunctata howardi, causes much economic damage in other regions. The range of this genus extends farth south into South America, Diabrotica speciosa causes damage in Argentina. Corn rootworm larvae can destroy significant acreage of corn if left untreated. In the United States, current estimates show 30 million acres (12×10^6 ha) of corn, out of 80 million total are infested with corn rootworm. Estimates of economic damage to corn growers from the pest are about $1 billion.
Diabrotica was unknown in Europe until the late 1990s and was forbidden even in laboratories because of the difficulty in eliminating it with insecticides. It appears to have entered Europe from the US in large numbers during the Yugoslav wars and is especially widespread around US military airports, whose planes were likely to have transported the pest. It has since spread primarily in Italy, France and Germany.
Species
Several species of Diabrotica are significant insects of North America, including:
D. undecimpunctata
Adults of D. undecimpunctata are greenish-yellow with six large black spots on each elytron. They are about .2 inches (5.1 mm) long. The larvae are yellowish and wormlike.
D. virgifera
Adult rootworms are about .25 inches (6.4 mm) long. Western corn rootworm adults are yellowish with a black stripe on each wing cover. Northern corn rootworm beetles are solid in color and vary from light tan to pale green. The eggs are deposited in the soil during the summer, and are football-shaped, white, and less than 0.004 inches (0.10 mm) long. Larvae hatch in late May or early June and begin to feed on corn roots. Newly hatched larvae are small, less than .125 inches (3.2 mm) long, white worms. They go through three larval instars, pupate in the soil and emerge as adults in July and August, with one generation per year. Larvae have brown heads and a brown marking on the top of the last abdominal segment, giving them a double-headed appearance. Larvae have three pairs of legs, but these are not usually visible without magnification. After feeding for several weeks, the larvae dig a cell in the soil and molt into the pupal stage. The pupal stage is white and has the basic shape of the adult.