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Criticism of monotheism has occurred throughout history. Monotheism has been criticized as total discourse. Accusers have painted monotheism as a cause of ignorance, oppression and violence.
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Contradictions
Through the means of defining, it is traditionally agreed among the major monotheistic religions that the one God is, inter alia, omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent. However, one scholar argues that "this definition of God [is] contradictory to what has been perceived by us in the empirical world."
Feminist thinkers have criticized the monotheistic concept as the model of highest form of patriarchal power, they argue that the one god is regarded to be male and opposed to everything related to change, sensuality, nature, feeling, and femininity.
Forcing one belief
David Hume (1711-1776) argues that monotheism is less pluralistic and thus less tolerant than polytheism, because monotheism stipulates that people pigeonhole their beliefs into one. In the same vein, Auguste Comte argues, "Monotheism is irreconcilable with the existence in our nature of the instincts of benevolence" because it compels followers to devote themselves to a single Creator. Jacob Neusner suggests that "the logic of monotheism ... yields little basis for tolerating other religions".
James Lovelock criticized monotheism due to its idea of a transcendent almighty father; he says about monotheism that it "seems to anesthetize the sense of wonder as if one were committed to a single line of thought by a cosmic legal contract".
Violence in monotheism
In the ancient times, monotheism is blamed as the instigator of violence in its early days as it inspired the Israelites to wage war upon the Canaanites who believed in multiple gods.
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan regarded monotheism to be one reason of violence; he said:
The intolerance of narrow monotheism is written in letters of blood across the history of man from the time when first the tribes of Israel burst into the land of Canaan. The worshippers of the one jealous God are egged on to aggressive wars against people of alien cults. They invoke divine sanction for the cruelties inflicted on the conquered. The spirit of old Israel is inherited by Christianity and Islam, and it might not be unreasonable to suggest that it would have been better for Western civilization if Greece had moulded it on this question rather than Palestine.
Success of monotheistic religions
Bertrand Russell has stated that in recent history William James popularized the idea that the belief in one god causes people to not behave improperly. Furthermore, Russell expostulates through examples that whether "politicians and educators ought to try to make people think there is one [god]" is "a political one" since one cannot prove the moralistic argument of William James.