The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (Latin: Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei, CDF) is the oldest among the nine congregations of the Roman Curia. It was founded to defend the church from heresy; today, it is the body responsible for promulgating and defending Catholic doctrine. Formerly known as the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition, it is informally known in many Catholic countries as the Holy Office and between 1908 and 1965 was officially known as the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office.
Founded by Pope Paul III in 1542, the congregation's sole objective is to "spread sound Catholic doctrine and defend those points of Christian tradition which seem in danger because of new and unacceptable doctrines". Its headquarters are at the Palace of the Holy Office, just outside Vatican City. The congregation employs an advisory board including cardinals, bishops, priests, lay theologians, and canon lawyers. The current Prefect is Cardinal Gerhard Ludwig Müller.
On 21 July 1542, Pope Paul III proclaimed the Apostolic Constitution Licet ab initio, establishing the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition, staffed by cardinals and other officials whose task it was "to maintain and defend the integrity of the faith and to examine and proscribe errors and false doctrines". It served as the final court of appeal in trials of heresy and served as an important part of the Counter-Reformation.
This body was renamed the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office in 1908 by Pope Saint Pius X. In many Catholic countries, the body is often informally called the Holy Office (e.g. Italian: Sant'Uffizio and Spanish: Santo Oficio ).
The Congregation's name was changed to Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (SCDF) on 7 December 1965, at the end of the Second Vatican Council. Soon after the 1983 Code of Canon Law came into effect, the adjective Sacred was dropped from the names of all Curial Congregations, and so the dicastery adopted its current name, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.
According to the 1988 Apostolic Constitution on the Roman Curia, Pastor bonus, article 48, promulgated by John Paul II: "The proper duty of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith is to promote and safeguard the doctrine on faith and morals in the whole Catholic world; so it has competence in things that touch this matter in any way."
This includes investigations into grave delicts; i.e., acts which the Catholic Church considers as being the most serious crimes: crimes against the Eucharist and against the sanctity of the Sacrament of Penance, and crimes against the sixth Commandment ("thou shall not commit adultery") committed by a cleric against a person under the age of eighteen. These crimes, in a motu proprio of 2001, Sacramentorum sanctitatis tutela, come under the competency of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. In effect, it is the "promoter of justice" who deals with, among other things, the question of priests accused of paedophilia.
Within the CDF are the International Theological Commission, the Pontifical Biblical Commission and the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei. The Prefect of the CDF is ex officio president of these commissions.
Until 1968, the Pope himself held the title of prefect but never exercised this office. Instead, he appointed one of the cardinals to preside over the meetings, first as Secretary, then as Pro-Prefect.
Since 1968, the Cardinal head of the dicastery has borne the title of Prefect, without further qualification. Therefore, from 1968 onwards, the title of Secretary refers to the second highest-ranking officer of the Congregation. The Congregation has a membership of some 18 other cardinals and a smaller number of non-cardinal bishops, a staff of some 38 priests, religious and lay men and women, and some 26 consultors.
The work of the CDF is divided into four sections: the doctrinal, disciplinary, matrimonial, and clerical offices. The CDF holds biennial plenary assemblies, and issues documents on doctrinal, disciplinary and sacramental questions that occasionally include notifications concerning books by Catholic theologians (e.g., Hans Küng, Charles Curran, and Leonardo Boff) that it judges contrary to Church doctrine.
Staff (2012):
Prefect: Cardinal Gerhard Ludwig Müller
Secretary: Archbishop Luis Ladaria Ferrer, S.J.
Assistant (Adjunct) Secretary: Archbishop Joseph Augustine Di Noia, O.P.
Undersecretary: Monsignor Giacomo Morandi
25 members: Cardinals, Archbishops, Patriarchs and Bishops
28 Consultors (Heads of Superior of Religious Orders (both male and female), Canon lawyers
Staff of 33 lay theologians
On 6 May 2006 Cardinals Antonio Cañizares Llovera and Jean-Pierre Ricard were named members of the Congregation.
Recent canonical judgments and publications
Doctrinal Assessment of the Leadership Conference of Women Religious - (Re-affirmed by Francis on 15 April 2013)
Note on the banalization of sexuality, Regarding certain interpretations of "Light of the World" (22 December 2010)
Circular Letter to the Presidents of the Episcopal Conferences regarding the association Opus Angelorum (2 October 2010)
Dignitas Personae (on bioethical questions, with summary and press conference transcript; 8 September 2008)
On 5 April 2008, as a result of "grave reservations" by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith about the Mormon practice of posthumous rebaptism, Catholic dioceses throughout the world were directed not to give information in parish registers to the Mormons' Genealogical Society of Utah for microfilming or digitizing.
Doctrinal Note on Some Aspects of Evangelization (with press conference transcript; 3 December 2007)
On 28 September 2007, Gaston Hebert, the then apostolic administrator of the Diocese of Little Rock stated that (per the 11 July Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith) 6 Arkansas nuns were excommunicated for heresy (the first in the diocese's 165-year history). They refused to recant the doctrines of the Community of the Lady of All Nations (Army of Mary). The nuns are members of the Good Shepherd Monastery of Our Lady of Charity and Refuge in Hot Springs. Sister Mary Theresa Dionne, 82, one of 6, said they will still live at the convent property, which they own. The sect believes that its 86-year-old founder, Marie Paule Giguere, is the reincarnation of the Virgin Mary.
Responses to Certain Questions of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops Concerning Artificial Nutrition and Hydration (with commentary; 1 August 2007)
Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine on the Church (29 June 2007)
In an April 2007 address to chaplains, Archbishop Amato denounced same-sex marriage and abortion and criticized the Italian media's coverage of them, saying that they are evils "that remain almost invisible" due to media presentation of them as "expression of human progress."
Notification on the works of the Reverend Father Jon Sobrino, S.J. (with an explanatory note; 26 November 2006)
Notification regarding the book "Jesus Symbol of God" of the Reverend Father Roger Haight, S.J.
Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the collaboration of men and women in the Church and in the world (31 May 2004)
Doctrinal Note on some questions regarding the participation of Catholics in political life (with two commentaries from Their Eminences, Cardinals Joachim Meisner and Giacomo Biffi; 24 November 2002), arguably the basis for the comments by Cardinal George Pell and those by Archbishop Barry Hickey in June 2007 in Australia to Catholic politicians on their votes on therapeutic cloning legislation.
Considerations Regarding Proposals to Give Legal Recognition to Unions Between Homosexual Persons (3 June 2003)
Note on the Force of the Doctrinal Decrees Concerning the Thought and Work of the Reverend Father Antonio Rosmini Serbati (1 July 2001)
Notification regarding certain writings of the Reverend Father Marciano Vidal, C.Ss.R. (with comments; 22 February 2001)
Notification on the book Toward a Christian Theology of Religious Pluralism by the Reverend Father Jacques Dupuis, S.J. (with commentary; 24 January 2001)
Notification concerning some writings of Professor Dr. Reinhard Messner (30 November 2000)
Ardens felicitatis (instructions on prayers for healing; 14 September 2000)
Dominus Iesus (Declaration on the unicity and salvific universality of Jesus Christ and the Church; with comments from Congregation officials; 6 August 2000)
Note on the expression "sister churches" (30 June 2000)
Documents regarding "The Message of Fatima" (26 June 2000)
Notification regarding Sister Jeannine Gramick, SSND, and the Reverend Father Robert Nugent, SDS
Considerations on The Primacy of the Successor of Peter in the mystery of the Church (31 October 1998)
Formula to be used for the profession of faith and for the oath of fidelity to assume an office to be exercised in the name of the Church with the Illustrative doctrinal Note of the conclusive formula of "Professio fidei" (29 June 1998)
Notification concerning the writings of the Reverend Father Anthony De Mello, S.J. (24 June 1998)
Notification concerning the Text "Mary and Human Liberation" by the Reverend Father Tissa Balasuriya, O.M.I. (2 January 1997)
Notification on the writings and activities of Mrs. Vassula Ryden (6 October 1995)
Responses to questions proposed concerning uterine isolation and related matters (31 July 1993)
Some considerations concerning the response to legislative proposals on the non-discrimination of homosexual persons (23 July 1992)
Decree on the doctrine and customs of the Association Opus Angelorum (6 June 1992)
Communionis notio (Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on some aspects of the Church understood as Communion; 28 May 1992)
Instruction on some aspects of the use of the instruments of social communication in promoting the doctrine of the faith- The Second Vatican Council (30 March 1992)
Note on the book "The Sexual Creators, An Ethical proposal for Concerned Christians", (University Press of America, Lanham-New York-London 1986), by the Reverend Father André Guindon, O.M.I. (31 January 1992)
Donum veritatis (Instruction on the ecclesial vocation of the theologian; 24 May 1990)
Orationis formas (Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on some aspects of Christian meditation; 15 October 1989)
Note regarding "The moral rule of Humanae vitae (Pope Paul VI's encyclical, On the Regulation and Control of Human Birth) and the pastoral duty" (16 February 1989)
Observation of the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC) II's "Salvation and the Church" (18 November 1988)
Formula to be used for the profession of faith and for the oath of fidelity to assume an office to be exercised in the name of the Church (1 July 1988)
Donum vitae (Instruction on respect for life in its origin and on the dignity of procreation; 22 February 1987)
Homosexualitatis problema (Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons; 1 October 1986)
Notification on the book Pleidooi voor mensen in de Kerk (Nelissen, Baarn 1985) by the Reverend Father Professor Edward Schillebeeckx, O.P. (15 September 1986)
Letter to György Bulányi on certain writings attributed to him (1 September 1986)
Letter regarding the suspension of the Reverend Father Professor Charles Curran from the teaching of theology (25 July 1986)
Libertatis conscientia (Instruction on human freedom and liberation; 22 March 1986)
Notification on the book Church: Charism and Power. Essay on militant Ecclesiology by Leonardo Boff, O.F.M. (11 March 1985)
Recentiores episcoporum synodi, on some questions of Eschatology (condemnation of "resurrection within death", etc.; 17 May 1979)
Inter insigniores (Declaration as to the question of admitting women to priesthood; 15 October 1975), contains a proof of tradition for what would later be taught with highest authority by John Paul II (Ordinatio sacerdotalis)
When the Supreme Sacred Congregation for the Roman and Universal Inquisition was first established in 1542, it was composed of several Cardinal Inquisitors styled as "Inquisitors-General", who were formally equal to each other, even if some of them were clearly dominant (e.g. Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa from 1542, who was elected Pope Paul IV in 1555). The Pope himself was a prefect of the Congregation until 1968. However, from 1564 the daily administration of the affairs of the Congregation were entrusted to the Cardinal Secretary.
Unless stated otherwise, the secretaryship ended with the relevant man's death.
Antonio Michele Ghislieri (1564–1566; elected as Pope Pius V)
Giacomo Savelli (1577–1587)
Giulio Antonio Santori (1587–1602)
Camillo Borghese (1602–1605; elected as Pope Paul V)
Pompeio Arrigoni (1605–1612; resigned, died in 1616)
Giovanni Garzia Millini (1612–1629)
Antonio Marcello Barberini (1629–1633; resigned; died in 1646)
Francesco Barberini (1633–1679)
Cesare Facchinetti (1680–1683)
Alderano Cybo (1683–1700)
Galeazzo Marescotti (1700–1716; resigned, died in 1726)
Fabrizio Spada (1716–1717)
Nicolò Acciaioli (1717–1719)
Francesco del Giudice (1719–1725)
Fabrizio Paolucci (1725–1726)
Pietro Ottoboni (1726–1740)
Tommaso Ruffo (1740–1753)
Neri Maria Corsini (1753–1770)
Giovanni Francesco Stoppani (1770–1774)
Luigi Maria Torregiani (1775–1777)
Carlo Rezzonico (1777–1799)
Leonardo Antonelli (1800–1811)
Giulio Maria della Somaglia (1814–1830)
Bartolomeo Pacca (1830–1844)
Vincenzo Macchi (1844–1860)
Costantino Patrizi Naro (1860–1876)
Prospero Caterini (1876–1881)
Antonio Maria Panebianco (1882–1883)
Luigi Bilio, C.R.S.P. (1883–1884)
Raffaele Monaco La Valletta (1884–1896)
Lucido Parocchi (1896–1903)
Serafino Vannutelli (1903–1908) (served until death in 1915 as Regent of Apostolic Penitentiary)
Mariano Rampolla (1908–1913)
Domenico Ferrata (3 January 1914 – 10 October 1914)
Rafael Merry del Val (14 October 1914 – 26 February 1930)
Donato Sbarretti (4 July 1930 – 1 April 1939)
Francesco Marchetti-Selvaggiani (30 April 1939 – 13 January 1951)
Giuseppe Pizzardo (16 February 1951 – 12 October 1959)
Alfredo Ottaviani (7 November 1959 – 7 December 1965, when he was made Pro-Prefect)
On 7 December 1965, along with changing the name of the dicastery, Pope Paul VI changed the title of the head of the Congregation from Secretary to Pro-Prefect, the Roman Pontiff retaining the role of Prefect. Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani, who was then Secretary, having been appointed to lead the Holy Office in 1959, continued leading the newly reorganized dicastery without any break in continuity since that date. In spite of that, a few months later, on 8 February 1966, Ottaviani was formally confirmed as Pro-Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.
Alfredo Ottaviani (7 December 1965 – 6 January 1968)
Since the appointment of Cardinal Franjo Šeper in 1968, the head of the dicastery has the title of Prefect. The Pope no longer holds the office of Prefect of the CDF himself. Although Cardinal Ottaviani had served as Pro-Prefect, upon his retirement he was declared Prefect emeritus of the Congregation, and not Pro-Prefect emeritus. The following Prelates have presided over the Congregation as Prefects since then:
Franjo Šeper (8 January 1968 – 25 November 1981) (his retirement)
Joseph Ratzinger (25 November 1981 – 2 April 2005) (John Paul II's death) - elected Pope Benedict XVI
William Levada (13 May 2005 – 2 July 2012) (his retirement)
Gerhard Ludwig Müller (2 July 2012 – present)
With the December 1965 reorganization of the Holy Office as the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, the head of the Congregation was no longer titled Secretary. The dicastery's second-in-command, until then titled assessor, was then given the title of Secretary, as was already the case with the other Roman Congregations. The following Archbishops have served as the CDF's second-in-command with the title of Secretary:
Pietro Parente (7 December 1965 to 1967)
Paul-Pierre Philippe, O.P. (29 June 1967 to 6 March 1973)
Jean Jérôme Hamer, O.P. (14 June 1973 to 8 April 1984)
Alberto Bovone (5 April 1984 to 13 June 1995)
Tarcisio Bertone, S.D.B. (13 June 1995 to 10 December 2002)
Angelo Amato, S.D.B. (19 December 2002 – 9 July 2008)
Luis Ladaria Ferrer, S.J (9 July 2008–present)
Prefect: Gerhard Ludwig Müller
Secretary: Luis Francisco Ladaria Ferrer
Adjoint secretary: Joseph Augustine Di Noia
Undersecretary: Giacomo Morandi
Promoter of justice: Charles Scicluna
Prefect emeritus: William Joseph Levada
Members:
Cardinal George Alencherry
Cardinal John Onaiyekan
Cardinal Pietro Parolin
Cardinal Ricardo Blázquez
Cardinal Angelo Scola
Cardinal Angelo Amato
Cardinal Peter Turkson
Cardinal Kurt Koch
Cardinal Marc Ouellet
Cardinal Fernando Filoni
Cardinal Francesco Coccopalmerio
Cardinal Donald Wuerl
Cardinal Giovanni Battista Re
Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone S.D.B.
Cardinal Christoph Schönborn O.P.
Cardinal Crescenzio Sepe
Cardinal Jean-Pierre Ricard
Cardinal Antonio Cañizares Llovera
Cardinal Leonardo Sandri
Cardinal Seán Patrick O'Malley
Archbishop Anthony Fisher
Archbishop Walmor Oliveira de Azevedo
Archbishop Charles Scicluna
Archbishop Roland Minnerath
Archbishop Salvatore Fisichella
Archbishop Stanisław Gądecki
Bishop Rudolf Voderholzer
28 consultants
