Concerted evolution is a process that may explain the observation that paralogous genes within one species are more closely related to each other than to members of the same gene family in another species, even though the gene duplication event preceded the speciation event. The high sequence similarity between paralogs is maintained by homologous recombination events that lead to gene conversion, effectively copying some sequence from one and overwriting the homologous region in the other.
Contents
Example
An example can be seen in bacteria: Escherichia coli has seven operons encoding various Ribosomal RNA. For each of these genes, rDNA sequences are essentially identical among all of the seven operons (sequence divergence of only 0.195%). In a closely related species, Haemophilus influenzae its six ribosomal RNA operons are entirely identical. When the 2 species are compared together however, the sequence divergence of the 16S rRNA gene between them is 5.90%.
Requirements
1. Amplification of a gene, usually assisted by recombination events in IS elements (in bacteria) or in similar high copy number repetitive genetic elements (ERV, LINE, SINE, etc.). This increases the copy number of the gene. In sexual reproducing organisms unequal crossing over during meiosis may be responsible for amplification due to misalignment of repeated sequences.
2. Redistribution of genes requires transposition, probably assisted by the same repetitive genetic elements as in 1).
3. Homogenization of alleles by gene conversion may play a role in sexual reproducing organisms.
Some genes have a bias and are more prone to gene conversion than others, thus reinforcing the unity of the genes within a gene family of a species.