Commutator subgroup

Commutators

For elements g and h of a group G, the commutator of g and h is [ g , h ] = g − 1 h − 1 g h (or [ g , h ] = g h g − 1 h − 1 ). The commutator [ g , h ] is equal to the identity element e if and only if h g = g h , that is, if and only if g and h commute. In general, g h = h g [ g , h ] .

An element of G which is of the form [ g , h ] for some g and h is called a commutator. The identity element e = [e,e] is always a commutator, and it is the only commutator if and only if G is abelian.

Here are some simple but useful commutator identities, true for any elements s, g, h of a group G:

The first and second identities imply that the set of commutators in G is closed under inversion and conjugation. If in the third identity we take H = G, we get that the set of commutators is stable under any endomorphism of G. This is in fact a generalization of the second identity, since we can take f to be the conjugation automorphism on G, x ↦ x s , to get the second identity.

However, the product of two or more commutators need not be a commutator. A generic example is [a,b][c,d] in the free group on a,b,c,d. It is known that the least order of a finite group for which there exists two commutators whose product is not a commutator is 96; in fact there are two nonisomorphic groups of order 96 with this property.

Definition

This motivates the definition of the commutator subgroup [ G , G ] (also called the derived subgroup, and denoted G ′ or G ( 1 ) ) of G: it is the subgroup generated by all the commutators.

It follows from the properties of commutators that any element of [ G , G ] is of the form

for some natural number n , where the g_i and h_i are elements of G. Moreover, since ( [ g 1 , h 1 ] ⋯ [ g n , h n ] ) s = [ g 1 s , h 1 s ] ⋯ [ g n s , h n s ] , the commutator subgroup is normal in G. For any homomorphism f: G → H,

so that f ( [ G , G ] ) ≤ [ H , H ] .

This shows that the commutator subgroup can be viewed as a functor on the category of groups, some implications of which are explored below. Moreover, taking G = H it shows that the commutator subgroup is stable under every endomorphism of G: that is, [G,G] is a fully characteristic subgroup of G, a property which is considerably stronger than normality.

The commutator subgroup can also be defined as the set of elements g of the group which have an expression as a product g = g₁ g₂ ... g_k that can be rearranged to give the identity.

Derived series

This construction can be iterated:

The groups G ( 2 ) , G ( 3 ) , … are called the second derived subgroup, third derived subgroup, and so forth, and the descending normal series

is called the derived series. This should not be confused with the lower central series, whose terms are G n := [ G n − 1 , G ] .

For a finite group, the derived series terminates in a perfect group, which may or may not be trivial. For an infinite group, the derived series need not terminate at a finite stage, and one can continue it to infinite ordinal numbers via transfinite recursion, thereby obtaining the transfinite derived series, which eventually terminates at the perfect core of the group.

Abelianization

Given a group G , a quotient group G / N is abelian if and only if [ G , G ] ≤ N .

The quotient G / [ G , G ] is an abelian group called the abelianization of G or G made abelian. It is usually denoted by G ab or G ab .

There is a useful categorical interpretation of the map φ : G → G ab . Namely φ is universal for homomorphisms from G to an abelian group H : for any abelian group H and homomorphism of groups f : G → H there exists a unique homomorphism F : G ab → H such that f = F ∘ φ . As usual for objects defined by universal mapping properties, this shows the uniqueness of the abelianization G^ab up to canonical isomorphism, whereas the explicit construction G → G / [ G , G ] shows existence.

The abelianization functor is the left adjoint of the inclusion functor from the category of abelian groups to the category of groups. The existence of the abelianization functor Grp → Ab makes the category Ab a reflective subcategory of the category of groups, defined as a full subcategory whose inclusion functor has a left adjoint.

Another important interpretation of G ab is as H 1 ( G , Z ) , the first homology group of G with integral coefficients.

Classes of groups

A group G is an abelian group if and only if the derived group is trivial: [G,G] = {e}. Equivalently, if and only if the group equals its abelianization. See above for the definition of a group's abelianization.

A group G is a perfect group if and only if the derived group equals the group itself: [G,G] = G. Equivalently, if and only if the abelianization of the group is trivial. This is "opposite" to abelian.

A group with G ( n ) = { e } for some n in N is called a solvable group; this is weaker than abelian, which is the case n = 1.

A group with G ( n ) ≠ { e } for all n in N is called a non-solvable group.

A group with G ( α ) = { e } for some ordinal number, possibly infinite, is called a hypoabelian group; this is weaker than solvable, which is the case α is finite (a natural number).

Examples

Map from Out

Since the derived subgroup is characteristic, any automorphism of G induces an automorphism of the abelianization. Since the abelianization is abelian, inner automorphisms act trivially, hence this yields a map